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A deglaciation and Holocene biomarker-based reconstruction of climate and environmental variability in NW Iberian Peninsula: the Sanabria Lake sequence

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Abstract

The molecular biomarker composition of two sediment cores from Sanabria Lake (NW Iberian Peninsula) and a survey of modern plants in the watershed provide a reconstruction of past vegetation and landscape dynamics since deglaciation. During a proglacial stage in Lake Sanabria (prior to 14.7 cal ka BP), very low biomarker concentration and carbon preference index (CPI) values ~1 suggest that the n-alkanes could have derived from eroded ancient sediment sources or older organic matter with high degree of maturity. During the Late glacial (14.7–11.7 cal ka BP) and the Holocene (last 11.7 cal ka BP) intervals with higher biomarker and triterpenoid concentrations (high %nC29 , nC31 alkanes), higher CPI and average carbon length (ACL), and lower Paq (proportion of aquatic plants) are indicative of major contribution of vascular land plants from a more forested watershed (e.g. Mid Holocene period 7.0–4.0 cal ka BP). Lower biomarker concentrations (high %nC27 alkanes), CPI and ACL values responded to short phases with decreased allochthonous contribution into the lake that correspond to centennial-scale periods of regional forest decline (e.g. 4–3 ka BP, Roman deforestation after 2.0 ka, and some phases of the LIA, seventeenth–nineteenth centuries). Human activities in the watershed were significant during early medieval times (1.3–1.0 cal ka BP) and since 1960 CE, in both cases associated with relatively higher productivity stages in the lake (lower biomarker and triterpenoid concentrations, high %nC23 and %nC31 respectively, lower ACL and CPI values and higher Paq). The lipid composition of Sanabria Lake sediments indicates a major allochthonous (watershed-derived) contribution to the organic matter budget since deglaciation, and a dominant oligotrophic status during the lake history. The study constrains the climate and anthropogenic forcings and watershed versus lake sources in organic matter accumulation processes and helps to design conservation and management policies in mountain, oligotrophic lakes.

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Acknowledgments

M. Jambrina-Enríquez acknowledges support from a Ph.D. fellowship from Salamanca University (Spain) and the INTIMATE EU COST Action ES0907 in the form of a Short-Term Scientific Mission. The research has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Competitiveness (CONSOLIDER–GRACCIE Project, CSD2007-00067) and by the Fundación Patrimonio Natural de Castilla y León. We thank P. Meyers and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, s/n, 37008, Salamanca, Spain

    Margarita Jambrina-Enríquez

  2. Institut für Erd- und Umweltwissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, Golm-Potsdam, Germany

    Dirk Sachse

  3. Section 5.1: Geomorphology and Geoecology, Organic Surface Geochemistry Lab, GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Dirk Sachse

  4. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain

    Blas L. Valero-Garcés

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  1. Margarita Jambrina-Enríquez
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Correspondence to Margarita Jambrina-Enríquez.

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Jambrina-Enríquez, M., Sachse, D. & Valero-Garcés, B.L. A deglaciation and Holocene biomarker-based reconstruction of climate and environmental variability in NW Iberian Peninsula: the Sanabria Lake sequence. J Paleolimnol 56, 49–66 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-016-9890-6

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