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An Investigation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities from Blood Components of Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis)

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Abstract

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were found from Crocodylus siamensis (C. siamensis) blood. The 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging and linoleic peroxidation assays were used to investigate the antioxidant activities of the crocodile blood. Results show that crocodile blood components had antioxidant activity, especially hemoglobin (40.58 % nitric oxide radical inhibition), crude leukocyte extract (78 % linoleic peroxidation inhibition) and plasma (57.27 % hydroxyl radical inhibition). Additionally, the anti-inflammatory activity of the crocodile blood was studied using murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) as a model. The results show that hemoglobin, crude leukocyte extract and plasma were not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells. Also they showed anti-inflammatory activity by reduced nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) productions from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. The NO inhibition percentages of hemoglobin, crude leukocyte extract and plasma were 31.9, 48.24 and 44.27 %, respectively. However, only crude leukocyte extract could inhibit IL-6 production. So, the results of this research directly indicate that hemoglobin, crude leukocyte extract and plasma of C. siamensis blood provide both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which could be used as a supplementary agent in pharmaceutical products.

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Abbreviations

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

DPPH:

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

IL-6:

Interleukin 6

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

IL-1β:

Interleukin 1 beta

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-kappa B

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Science Achievement Scholarships of Thailand (SAST), Thailand Research Fund (RMU5380045), National Research University Project of Thailand, Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Department of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Khon Kaen University for their financial assistance.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Protein and Proteomics Research Center for Commercial and Industrial Purposes (ProCCI), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Santi Phosri, Jiraporn Lueangsakulthai, Nisachon Jangpromma, Sakda Daduang, Apisak Dhiravisit & Sompong Thammasirirak

  2. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Santi Phosri, Jiraporn Lueangsakulthai, Nisachon Jangpromma, Prasan Swatsitang, Sakda Daduang & Sompong Thammasirirak

  3. Department of Pharmacognosy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Pramote Mahakunakorn

  4. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Apisak Dhiravisit

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  1. Santi Phosri
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  2. Pramote Mahakunakorn
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Correspondence to Sompong Thammasirirak.

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Phosri, S., Mahakunakorn, P., Lueangsakulthai, J. et al. An Investigation of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities from Blood Components of Crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis). Protein J 33, 484–492 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-014-9581-y

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