Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Review of Gender Violence Among Arab Immigrants in Canada: Key Issues for Prevention Efforts

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Family Violence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Migration can be a major risk factor for gender violence due to cultural differences, stereotypes, unemployment, and lack of knowledge about services and immigration laws. Even though it is possible to get evidence about many of these issues, there is a lack of evidence-informed interventions designed to reduce gender violence among Arab immigrants in Canada. The hierarchical structure within many Arab families in western societies can challenge prescribed gender roles, which might be perceived as a threat to the continuity of the culture and a reason for abuse. This literature review addresses issues for interventions that seek to reduce gender violence while recognizing resilience, family hierarchy, and the value of maintaining a family as potentially protective factors in prevention programming.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel Meguid, M. B. (2006). Measuring Arab immigrant women’s definition of marital violence: Creating and validating an instrument for use in social work practice. (Electronic Thesis or Dissertation). Ohio State University. Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/

  • Abdul-Razzaq, D. (2008). Discourses of citizenship and community: Arab immigrant women and their narratives of home and belonging in Halifax, NS. Atlantic Metropolis Centre, no.13.

  • Abraham, M. (2000). Isolation as a form of marital violence: The South Asian immigrant experience. Journal of Social Distress & the Homeless, 9(3), 221–236.

  • Abudabbeh, N. (2005). Arab families: An overview. In M. McGoldrick, J. Giordano, & N. Garcia-Preto (Eds.), Ethnicity and family therapy (pp. 423–436). New York: Guilford Press.

  • Abu-Ras, W. (2007). Cultural beliefs and service utilization by battered Arab immigrant women. Violence Against Women, 13(10), 1002–1028. doi:10.1177/1077801207306019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad, F., Ali, M., & Stewart, D. E. (2005). Spousal-abuse among Canadian immigrant women. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 7(4), 239–246. doi:10.1007/s10903-005-5120-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alaggia, R., Regehr, C., & Rishchynski, G. (2009). Intimate partner violence and immigration laws in Canada: how far have we come? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32(6), 335–341. doi:10.1023/a:1009403917198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alhabib, S., Nur, U., & Jones, R. (2010). Domestic violence against women: systematic review of prevalence studies. Journal of Family Violence, 25(4), 369–382. doi:10.1007/s10896-009-9298-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ammar, N. H. (2000). Simplistic stereotyping and complex reality of Arab-American immigrant identity: Consequences and future strategies in policing wife battery. Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 11, 51–70. 

  • Ammar, N. H. (2007). Wife battery in Islam: a comprehensive understanding of interpretations. Violence Against Women, 13(5), 516–526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anitha, S. (2008). Neither safety nor justice: the UK government response to domestic violence against immigrant women. The Journal of Social Welfare & Family Law, 30(3), 189–202. doi:10.1080/09649060802550592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Argyrous, G., & Stilwell, F. (2003). Economics as a social science: Readings in political economy (2nd ed.). Sydney: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baobaid, M. (2002). Access to women abuse services by Arab-speaking Muslim women in London, Ontario: Background investigation and recommendations for further research and community outreach. London: Centre for Research and Education on Violence against Women and Children. Retrieved from http://www.lfcc.on.ca/Baobaid_Study_2002.pdf

  • Baobaid, M., & Hamed, G. (2010). Addressing domestic violence in Canadian Muslim communities: A training manual for Muslim communities and Ontario service providers. London: Muslim Resource Centre for Social Support and Integration. Retrieved from http://www.lfcc.on.ca/MFSP_Manual_2010.pdf

  • Barakat, H. (1993). The Arab world: Society, culture and state. Berkley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkho, E., Fakhouri, M., & Arnetz, J. E. (2011). Intimate partner violence among Iraqi immigrant women in metro Detroit: a pilot study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 13(4), 725–731. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08336-8. 10.1007/s10903-010-9399-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beattie, S., & Cotter, A. (2009). Homicide in Canada. Report prepared for Statistics Canada. 30,3. Retrieved from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2010003/article/11352-eng.htm#a11

  • Berman, H., & Jiwani, Y. (2008). Newcomer girls in Canada: Implications for interventions by mental health professionals. In S. Guruge & E. Collins (Eds.), Working with immigrant women: Issues and strategies for mental health professionals (pp. 137–156). Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhuyan, R. (2008). The production of the “battered immigrant” in public policy and domestic violence advocacy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23(2), 153–170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blum, E., Heinonen, T., Migliardi, P., & White, J. (2006). Opening the floodgates: the aftermath of an immigrant women’s action against violence project and its evaluation. Canadian Woman Studies, 25(1/2), 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownridge, D. A., & Halli, S. S. (2002). Double jeopardy?: violence against immigrant women in Canada. Violence and Victims, 17(4), 455–471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cainkar, L., Del Toro, S. (2010). An investigation into the social context of domestic violence in the Arab Muslim American community: Identifying best practices for successful prevention and intervention. A study of the Arab American Action Network. Retrieved from http://www.aaan.org/wp-content/uploads/DV-report1.pdf

  • Clark, C. J., Silverman, J., Khalaf, I. A., Abu Ra’ad, B., Abu Al Sha’ar, Z., Abu Al Ata, A., & Batieha, A. (2008). Intimate partner violence and interference with women’s efforts to avoid pregnancy in Jordan. Studies in Family Planning, 39(2), 123–132. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00159.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das Dasgupta, S. (2005). Women’s realities: Defining violence against women by immigration, race, and class. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, D. (2005). The experience of violence for immigrant women and women of colour: Seeking Justice. Paper presented at the Exploring violence against women conference, Toronto. Retrieved from http://www.ocasi.org/index.php?qid=784&catid=102

  • Douki, S., Nacef, F., Belhadj, A., Bousaker, A., & Ghachem, R. (2003). Violence against women in Arab Islamic countries. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 6, 165–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finigan, M. K. (2011). Intimate violence, foreign solutions: domestic violence policy and Muslim-American women. Duke Forum for Law & Social Change (DFLSC), 2(1), 141–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gharaibeh, M., & Oweis, A. (2009). Why do Jordanian women stay in an abusive relationship: implications for health and social well-being. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 41(4), 376–384. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01305.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guruge, S., Shirpak, K. R., Hyman, I., Zanchetta, M., Gastaldo, D., & Sidani, S. (2010). A meta-synthesis of post-migration changes in marital relationships in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101(4), 327–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haj-Yahia, M. M. (2000). Wife abuse and battering in the sociocultural context of Arab society. Family Process, 39(2), 237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haj-Yahia, M. M. (2002). Beliefs of Jordanian women about wife-beating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26(4), 282–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halabu, H. M. (2006). Domestic violence in the Arab American community: Culturally relevant features and intervention considerations. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan. Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses collection.

  • Hamdan, A. (2007). Arab Muslim women in Canada: the untold narratives. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 27(1), 133–154. doi:10.1080/13602000701308921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammoury, N., & Khawaja, M. (2007). Screening for domestic violence during pregnancy in an antenatal clinic in Lebanon. European Journal of Public Health, 17(6), 605–606. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckm009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammoury, N., Khawaja, M., Mahfoud, Z., Afifi, R. A., & Madi, H. (2009). Domestic violence against women during pregnancy: the case of Palestinian refugees attending an antenatal clinical in Lebanon. Journal of Women’s Health, 18(3), 337–345. doi:10.1089/jwh.2007.0740.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2011). Facts and figures. Ottawa: Research and Evaluation Branch. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/menu-fact.asp).

  • Kirmayer, L. J., Narasiah, L., Munoz, M., Rashid, M., Ryder, A. G., Guzder, J., Hassan, G., Rousseau, C., & Pottie, K. (2011). Common mental health problems in immigrants and refugees: general approach in primary care. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(12), E959–E967.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulwicki, A. D., & Miller, J. (1999). Domestic violence in the Arab American population:transforming environmental conditions through community education. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20(3), 99–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. (1971). Women’s estate. New York: Pantheon Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robotham, S. (1973). Woman’s consciousness, man’s world. London: Pelican.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shalabi, D., & Taylor, M. (2011). A multiple case study on parents’ perspective about the influence of the Islamic culture on Muslim children’s daily lives. Journal of Multiculturism in Education, 7, 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, A. (2001). Healing the wounds of domestic abuse: improving the effectiveness of feminist therapeutic interventions with immigrant and racially visible women who have been abused. Violence Against Women, 7(12), 1405–1428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, D. (2004). Engendering health. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 78–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada (2001). Profile of ethnic communities in Canada: The Arab community in Canada. Analytical paper prepared by Colin Lindsay from Ottawa Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division. Retrieved on August 4, 2011 from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007009-eng.pdf

  • Statistics Canada. (2005). Family violence in Canada: A statistical Profilae 2005. Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics.

  • Statistics Canada (2006, April, 2013). Census of 2006: Data products (Catalogue number: 97-557-XCB2006007). Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=1&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=97615&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=).

  • Statistics Canada (2011). National household survey: Data tables. Ottawa, Ontario: Statistics Canada,. Retrieved on July 14, 2013, from: http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=).

  • Status of Women Canada (2013). Opinion: Honour crime, from indignation to action. Quebec: Canada. Reteived on May 3rd, 2014, from: http://www.csf.gouv.qc.ca/modules/fichierspublications/fichier-27-1780.pdf

  • Sullivan, M., Senturia, K., Negash, T., Shiu-Thornton, S., & Giday, B. (2005). “For us it is like living in the dark”: Ethiopian women’s experiences with domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(8), 922–940. doi:10.1177/0886260505277678.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (1993a). Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. Article 1. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm

  • United Nations (1993b). Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. Article 2. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dina Shalabi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shalabi, D., Mitchell, S. & Andersson, N. Review of Gender Violence Among Arab Immigrants in Canada: Key Issues for Prevention Efforts. J Fam Viol 30, 817–825 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9718-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9718-6

Keywords

Navigation