Abstract
Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) has become a very popular technique in characterization of aquatic dissolved organic matter (DOM) coupled with a parallel factor (PARAFAC) model, denoted as (EEMs-PARAFAC). This research addresses the poorly researched relationship correlation between dissolved ions and fluorescence in a natural water environment. The relationship between the EEMs-PARAFAC components and ionic composition was studied in freshwater lakes, rivers, and seawater from locations in China. The natural water environment is different from a simulated environment having a fixed ionic composition. We used electrical conductivity (EC) to reflect the ionic strength as an indicator to evaluate the relationship in a series of water bodies. Results show that the EC generally had a positive correlation with DOM in natural water environment, but no correlation was found with water from the highly saline Yellow Sea. The Chaohu Lake samples contained one component having a significant negative correlation with EC, i.e., r > 0.6, p < 0.05, while other surface waters contained components having both positive and negative correlations (r > 0.5, p < 0.05). The negative correlation with EC also highlighted that humic acid-like components and protein-like materials (c1-c3) were positively correlated with DOM, while the protein-like component (c4) was negatively correlated with DOM. The EC equation proposed provided a good fit with the EC values of surface waters. The use of EC would be a useful and rapid method for analyzing the variation in the fluorescence component and its effect on water quality. This study highlights the need to account for variation in EC when assessing EEMs-PARAFAC of natural waters.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Summers RS, Roberts PV (1988) Activated carbon adsorption of humic substances: I. Heterodisperse mixtures and desorption. J Colloid Interface Sci 122:367–381
Hyung H, Kim J-H (2008) Natural organic matter (NOM) adsorption to multi-walled carbon nanotubes: effect of NOM characteristics and water quality parameters. Environ Sci Technol 42:4416–4421
Klaus U, Pfeifer T, Spiteller M (2000) APCI-MS/MS: a powerful tool for the analysis of bound residues resulting from the interaction of pesticides with DOM and humic substances. Environ Sci Technol 34:3514–3520
He P-j, Xue J-f, Shao L-m, Li G-j, Lee D-J (2006) Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in recycled leachate of bioreactor landfill. Water Res 40:1465–1473
Ravichandran M (2004) Interactions between mercury and dissolved organic matter––a review. Chemosphere 55:319–331
Kalbitz K, Wennrich R (1998) Mobilization of heavy metals and arsenic in polluted wetland soils and its dependence on dissolved organic matter. Sci Total Environ 209:27–39
Reuter J, Perdue E (1977) Importance of heavy metal-organic matter interactions in natural waters. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 41:325–334
Zhu G, Yin J, Zhang P, Wang X, Fan G, Hua B, Ren B, Zheng H, Deng B (2014) DOM removal by flocculation process: fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) characterization. Desalination 346:38–45
Bian Y, Wang C, Zhu G, Ren B, Zhang P, Hursthouse AS (2018) Occurrence and control of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water engineering systems. Environ Eng Res 24:1–16
Nebbioso A, Piccolo A (2013) Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM): a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:109–124
Li P, Hur J (2017) Utilization of UV-Vis spectroscopy and related data analyses for dissolved organic matter (DOM) studies: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 47:131–154
Zhu G, Bian Y, Hursthouse AS, Wan P, Szymanska K, Ma J, Wang X, Zhao Z (2017) Application of 3-D fluorescence: characterization of natural organic matter in natural water and water purification systems. J Fluoresc 27:2069–2094
Kujawinski EB, Behn MD (2006) Automated analysis of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra of natural organic matter. Anal Chem 78:4363–4373
Zhang H, Zhang Y, Shi Q, Ren S, Yu J, Ji F, Luo W, Yang M (2012) Characterization of low molecular weight dissolved natural organic matter along the treatment trait of a waterworks using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Water Res 46:5197–5204
Zhu G, Bian Y, Hursthouse AS, Xu S, Xiong N, Wan P (2020) The role of magnetic MOFs nanoparticles in enhanced iron coagulation of aquatic dissolved organic matter. Chemosphere:125921
Zhu G, Fang H, Xiao Y, Hursthouse AS (2020) The application of fluorescence spectroscopy for the investigation of dye degradation by chemical oxidation. J Fluoresc 30:1271–1279
Song K, Shang Y, Wen Z, Jacinthe P-A, Liu G, Lyu L, Fang C (2019) Characterization of CDOM in saline and freshwater lakes across China using spectroscopic analysis. Water Res 150:403–417
Christian E, Batista JR, Gerrity D (2017) Use of COD, TOC, and fluorescence spectroscopy to estimate BOD in wastewater. Water Environ Res 89:168–177
Sargsyan S (2016) A method for determining and exploring the distribution of organic matters and hardness salts in natural waters. Appl Water Sci 7:1–6
Davies CW (1938) 56. The extent of dissociation of salts in water. Part VI. Some calcium salts of organic acids. J Chem Soc 10:277–281
Apelblat A (1993) Solubilities of organic salts of magnesium, calcium, and iron in water. J Chem Thermodyn 25:1443–1445
Kloster N, Brigante M, Zanini G, Avena M (2013) Aggregation kinetics of humic acid: effects of Ca2+ concentration, Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, Springer
Howard CS (1933) Determination of Total dissolved solids in water analysis. Ind Eng Chem Anal Ed 5:4–6
Provenzano MR, D'Orazio V, Jerzykiewicz M, Senesi N (2004) Fluorescence behaviour of Zn and Ni complexes of humic acids from different sources. Chemosphere 55:885–892
Sunner J, Nishizawa K, Kebarle P (1981) Ion-solvent molecule interactions in the gas phase. The potassium ion and benzene. J Phys Chem 85:1814–1820
Stoughton R, Rollefson G (1939) The influence of ionic strength on the quenching of fluorescence in aqueous solutions. J Am Chem Soc 61:2634–2638
Lei Y (2004) Environmental chemistry of aquaculture water. China Agriculture Press, Beijing
Hua B, Veum K, Yang J, Jones J, Deng B (2010) Parallel factor analysis of fluorescence EEM spectra to identify THM precursors in lake waters. Environ Monit Assess 161:71–81
Hua B, Veum K, Koirala A, Jones J, Clevenger T, Deng B (2007) Fluorescence fingerprints to monitor total trihalomethanes and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potentials in water. Environ Chem Lett 5:73–77
Yang L, Hur J, Zhuang W (2015) Occurrence and behaviors of fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC components in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems and their applications: a review. Environ Sci Pollut R 22:6500–6510
Zhou Z, Guo L, Shiller AM, Lohrenz SE, Asper VL, Osburn CL (2013) Characterization of oil components from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico using fluorescence EEM and PARAFAC techniques. Mar Chem 148:10–21
Bahram M, Bro R, Stedmon C, Afkhami A (2006) Handling of Rayleigh and Raman scatter for PARAFAC modeling of fluorescence data using interpolation. J Chemom 20:99–105
Moradi S, Sawade E, Aryal R, Chow CW, van Leeuwen J, Drikas M, Cook D, Amal R (2018) Tracking changes in organic matter during nitrification using fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (FEEM/PARAFAC). J Environ Chem Eng 6:1522–1528
Nimptsch J, Woelfl S, Kronvang B, Giesecke R, González HE, Caputo L, Gelbrecht J, von Tuempling W, Graeber D (2014) Does filter type and pore size influence spectroscopic analysis of freshwater chromophoric DOM composition? Limnologica 48:57–64
Phong DD, Hur J (2015) Insight into photocatalytic degradation of dissolved organic matter in UVA/TiO2 systems revealed by fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC. Water Res 87:119–126
Hur J, Hwang SJ, Shin J-K (2008) Using synchronous fluorescence technique as a water quality monitoring tool for an urban river. Water Air Soil Pollut 191:231–243
Chen W, Westerhoff P, Leenheer JA, Booksh K (2003) Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix regional integration to quantify spectra for dissolved organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 37:5701–5710
Sanchez NP, Skeriotis AT, Miller CM (2014) A PARAFAC-based long-term assessment of DOM in a multi-coagulant drinking water treatment scheme. Environ Sci Technol 48:1582–1591
Ishii SK, Boyer TH (2012) Behavior of reoccurring PARAFAC components in fluorescent dissolved organic matter in natural and engineered systems: a critical review. Environ Sci Technol 46:2006–2017
Piotr Kowalczuk MJD, Young H, Kahn AE, Cooper WJ, Gonsior M (2009) Characterization of dissolved organic matter fluorescence in the South Atlantic bight with use of PARAFAC model: interannual variability. Mar Chem 113:182–196
Zhu G, Wang C, Dong X (2017) Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectroscopy analysis of landfill leachate DOM in coagulation–flocculation process. Environ Technol 38:1489–1497
Sanchez NP (2013) Fluorescence based approach to drinking water treatment plant natural organic matter (NOM) characterization, treatment, and management. University of Akron, Akron
Burdick DS, Tu XM (1989) The wavelength component vectorgram: a tool for resolving two-component fluorescent mixtures. J Chemom 3:431–441
Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (Grant number 2018JJ2128), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 51408215), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant number 2017 M622578).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhu, G., Xiong, N., Wang, X. et al. Correlation Characteristics of Electrical Conductivity of Surface Waters with the Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy-Parallel Factor Components of Dissolved Organic Matter. J Fluoresc 30, 1383–1396 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-020-02628-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10895-020-02628-6