Skip to main content
Log in

Conditional occupational segregation of minorities in the US

  • Published:
The Journal of Economic Inequality Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We analyze the role of the demographic and human capital characteristics of minorities in the US in explaining their high occupational segregation with respect to whites and the extent to which they are locked into low-paying jobs. We measure conditional segregation based on an estimated counterfactual distribution in which minorities are given the relevant characteristics of whites. Our results show that the different levels of attained education by ethnicity and race explain a substantial share of occupational segregation among non-whites in the US, while English skills or immigration status are especially relevant for explaining segregation among Hispanics and Asians.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Albelda, R.: Occupational segregation by race and gender, 1958–1981. Ind. Labor Relat. Rev. 39(3), 404–411 (1986)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Alonso-Villar, O., Del Río, C.: Local versus overall segregation measures. Mat. Soc. Sci. 60(1), 30–38 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Alonso-Villar, O., Del Río, C., Gradín, C.: The extent of occupational segregation in the US: differences by race, ethnicity, and gender. Ind. Relat. 51(2), 179–212 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Aslund, O., Skans, O.N.: How to measure segregation conditional on the distribution of covariates. J. Popul. Econ. 22, 971–981 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Atkinson, A.B.: On the measurement of poverty. Econometrica 55(4), 749–764 (1987)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bayer, P., McMillan, R., Rueben, K.S.: What drives racial segregation? New evidence using Census microdata. J. Urban Econ. 56, 514–535 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Caliendo, M., Kopeinig, S.: Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. J. Econ. Surv. 22(1), 31–72 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Cancian, M., Reed, D.: Family structure, childbearing, and parental employment: implications for the level and trend in poverty. In: Cancian, M., Danziger, S. (eds.) Changing Poverty, Changing Policies, pp. 92–121. Russell Sage Foundation, New York (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Carrington, W.J., Troske, K.R.: On measuring segregation in samples with small units. J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 15(4), 402–409 (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Carrington, W.J., Troske, K.R.: Interfirm segregation and the black/white wage gap. J. Labor Econ. 16(2), 231–260 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chakravarty, S., Silber, J.: A generalized index of employment segregation. Mat. Soc. Sci. 53(2), 185–195 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Chakravarty, S., D’Ambrosio, C., Silber, J.: Generalized Gini occupational segregation indices. Res. Econ. Inequal. 17, 71–95 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Chantreuil, F., Trannoy, A.: Inequality decomposition values: the trade-off between marginality and efficiency. J. Econ. Inequal. (2011). doi:10.1007/s10888-011-9207-y

    Google Scholar 

  14. Chiswick, B.R., Miller, P.W.: Educational mismatch: are high-skilled immigrants really working at high-skilled jobs and the price they pay if they aren’t? In: Chiswick, B.R. (ed.) High Skilled Immigration in a Globalized Labor Market, pp. 111–154. American Enterprise Institute, Washington D.C. (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Del Río, C., Alonso-Villar, O.: Occupational segregation measures: a role for status. Res. Econ. Inequal. 20, 37–62 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. DiNardo, J., Fortin, N.M., Lemieux, T.: Labor market institutions and the distribution of wages, 1973–1992: a semiparametric approach. Econometrica 64, 1001–1044 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Duclos, J-Y., Makdissi, P.: Restricted and unrestricted dominance for welfare, inequality, and poverty orderings. J. Public Econ. Theory 6(1), 145–164, 02 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Duncan, O.D., Duncan, B.: A methodological analysis of segregation indexes. Am. Sociol. Rev. 20(2), 210–217 (1955)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Foster, J.E., Shorrocks, A.F.: Poverty orderings. Econometrica 56(1), 173–177 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Foster-Bey, J.A. Jr: Did spatial mismatch affect male labor force participation during the 1990s expansion? In: Mincy, R.B. (ed.) Black Males Left Behind, pp. 121–146. The Urban Institute Press (2006)

  21. Frankel, D.M., Volij, O.: Measuring school segregation. J. Econ. Theory 146(1), 1–38 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gradín, C.: Race and income distribution: evidence from the US, Brazil and South Africa. Rev. Dev. Econ. (2012, forthcoming)

  23. Hanushek, E.A., Rivkin, S.G.: School Quality and the Black-White Achievement Gap. Working Paper 12651, National Bureau of Economic Research (2006)

  24. Hellerstein, J.K., Neumark, D.: Workplace segregation in the United States: race, ethnicity, and skill. Rev. Econ. Stat. 90(3), 459–477 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Holzer, J.H., Raphael, S., Stoll, M.A.: How do employer perceptions of crime and incarceration affect the employment prospect of less-educated young black men? In: Mincy, R.B. (ed.) Black Males Left Behind, pp. 67–85. The Urban Institute Press (2006)

  26. Hutchens, R.M.: Segregation curves, Lorenz curves, and inequality in the distribution of people across occupations. Mat. Soc. Sci. 21, 31–51 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hutchens, R.M.: One measure of segregation. Int. Econ. Rev. 45(2), 555–578 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hutchens, R.M.: Measuring Segregation When Hierarchy Matters. Working Paper, ILR, Cornell University (2006)

  29. Hutchens, R.M.: Occupational segregation with economic disadvantage: an investigation of decomposable indexes. Res. Econ. Inequal. 17, 99–120 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hutchens, R.M.: A response to Paul Jargowsky’s comments. Res. Econ. Inequal. 17, 125–127 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Jahn, J., Schmid, C.F., Schrag, C.: The measurement of ecological segregation. Am. Sociol. Rev. 12(3), 293–303 (1947)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Jargowsky, P.A.: Comment on Hutchens’ ‘occupational segregation with economic disadvantage: an investigation of decomposable indexes’. Res. Econ. Inequal. 17, 121–124 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kalter, F.: Measuring Segregation and Controlling for Independent Variables. MZES Working Paper 19, Mannheim (2000)

  34. Karmel, T., MacLachlan, M.: Occupational sex segregation-increasing or decreasing? Econ. Rec. 64(3), 187–195 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. King, M.C.: Occupational segregation by race and sex, 1940–88. Mon. Labor Rev. 115, 30–37 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Lemieux, T.: Decomposing wage distributions: a unified approach. Can. J. Econ. 35, 646–88 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Massey, D.S.: Effects of socioeconomic factors on the residential segregation of Blacks and Spanish Americans in US Urbanized Areas. Am. Sociol. Rev. 44(6), 1015–1022 (1979)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. McLanahan, S.: Single mothers, fragile families. In: Edwards, J., Crain, M., Kalleberg, A.L. (eds.) Ending Poverty in America, pp. 77–87. The New Press (2007)

  39. Maxwell, N.L.: English language and low-skilled jobs: the structure of employment. Ind. Relat. 49(3), 457–465 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Mora, R., Ruíz-Castillo, J.: The Statistical Properties of the Mutual Information Index of Multigroup Segregation. Working Paper 09-84, Economic Series (48), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (2009)

  41. Queneau, H.: Trends in occupational segregation by race and ethnicity in the USA: evidence from detailed data. Appl. Econ. Lett. 16, 1347–1350 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Rawlston, V., Spriggs, W.E.: A logit decomposition analysis of occupational segregation: an update for the 1990s of Spriggs and Williams. Rev. Black Polit. Econ. 29(4), 91–96 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Reardon, S.F., Firebaugh, G.: Measures of multigroup segregation. Sociol. Method. 32, 33–76 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Reardon, S.F.: Measures of ordinal segregation. Res. Econ. Inequal. 17, 129–155 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Sastre, M., Trannoy, A.: Shapley inequality decomposition by factor components: some methodological issues. J. Econ. 9, 51–89 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sethi, R., Somanatham, S.: Racial inequality and segregation measures: some evidence from the 2000 census. Rev. Black Polit. Econ. 36(2), 79–91 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Shorrocks, A.: Decomposition procedures for distributional analysis: a unified framework based on the Shapley value. J. Econ. Inequal. (2012). doi:10.1007/s10888-011-9214-z

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sianesi, B.: An evaluation of the Swedish system of active labour market programmes in the 1990s. Rev. Econ. Stat. 86(1), 133–155 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Silber, J.: Occupational segregation indices in the multidimensional case: a note. Econ. Rec. 68, 276–277 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Spriggs, W.E., Williams, R.M.: A Logit decomposition analysis of occupational segregation: results for the 1970s and 1980s. Rev. Econ. Stat. 78, 348–355 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Tomaskovic-Devey, D., Zimmer, C., Stainback, K., Robinson, C., Taylor, T., McTague, T.: Documenting desegregation: segregation in American workplaces by race, ethnicity, and sex, 1966–2003. Am. Sociol. Rev. 71, 565–588 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos Gradín.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

(PDF 108 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gradín, C. Conditional occupational segregation of minorities in the US. J Econ Inequal 11, 473–493 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-012-9229-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-012-9229-0

Keywords

JEL Classification

Navigation