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Influence of Genotype, Environment, and Gypsy Moth Herbivory on Local and Systemic Chemical Defenses in Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides)

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Abstract

Numerous studies have explored the impacts of intraspecific genetic variation and environment on the induction of plant chemical defenses by herbivory. Relatively few, however, have considered how those factors affect within-plant distribution of induced defenses. This work examined the impacts of plant genotype and soil nutrients on the local and systemic phytochemical responses of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) to defoliation by gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). We deployed larvae onto foliage on individual tree branches for 15 days and then measured chemistry in leaves from: 1) branches receiving damage, 2) undamaged branches of insect-damaged trees, and 3) branches of undamaged control trees. The relationship between post-herbivory phytochemical variation and insect performance also was examined. Plant genotype, soil nutrients, and damage all influenced phytochemistry, with genotype and soil nutrients being stronger determinants than damage. Generally, insect damage decreased foliar nitrogen, increased levels of salicinoids and condensed tannins, but had little effect on levels of a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, TI3. The largest damage-mediated tannin increases occurred in leaves on branches receiving damage, whereas the largest salicinoid increases occurred in leaves of adjacent, undamaged branches. Foliar nitrogen and the salicinoid tremulacin had the strongest positive and negative relationships, respectively, with insect growth. Overall, plant genetics and environment concomitantly influenced both local and systemic phytochemical responses to herbivory. These findings suggest that herbivory can contribute to phytochemical heterogeneity in aspen foliage, which may in turn influence future patterns of herbivory and nutrient cycling over larger spatial scales.

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation (DEB-0074427, DEB-0344019, and DEB-0841609). We are grateful to Adam Gusse for technical assistance in completing this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Kennedy F. Rubert-Nason & Richard L. Lindroth

  2. Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    John J. Couture

  3. Plant Research Laboratory, 612 Wilson Rd., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Ian T. Major

  4. Centre for Forest Biology and Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada

    C. Peter Constabel

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  1. Kennedy F. Rubert-Nason
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  2. John J. Couture
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  4. C. Peter Constabel
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  5. Richard L. Lindroth
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Correspondence to Kennedy F. Rubert-Nason.

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Rubert-Nason, K.F., Couture, J.J., Major, I.T. et al. Influence of Genotype, Environment, and Gypsy Moth Herbivory on Local and Systemic Chemical Defenses in Trembling Aspen (Populus tremuloides). J Chem Ecol 41, 651–661 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-015-0600-z

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