Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Role of perceived discrimination and anxiety sensitivity in cigarette smoking among english-speaking latinx adults living in the United States

  • Published:
Journal of Behavioral Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

The Latinx/Hispanic (hereafter, Latinx) population in the United States (US) experiences significant tobacco-related health disparities. Extant work suggests social determinants of health (SDoH) such as perceived discrimination is an individual differences factor for cigarette smoking behavior among Latinx individuals who smoke cigarettes. Other research has suggested sensitivity to internal cues, referred to as anxiety sensitivity, is related to smoking among Latinx adults, but this work has not explored whether anxiety sensitivity may moderate the association between perceived discrimination and smoking behavior.

Method

Therefore, the present investigation sought to explore the main and interactive association of perceived discrimination and anxiety sensitivity in relation to cigarettes smoked per day, severity of problems experienced when quitting, and perceived barriers for smoking cessation among 338 English-speaking Latinx individuals living in the US (Mage = 35.5 years; SD = 8.65; age range 18–61; 37.3% female) who smoke cigarettes.

Results

Results supported statistically significant main effects for perceived discrimination and anxiety sensitivity in relation to increased severity of problems experienced when quitting and perceived barriers for smoking cessation. These associations were evident after adjusting for a sociodemographic covariates.

Conclusion

Overall, the present investigation suggests that both perceived discrimination and anxiety sensitivity are important constructs relevant to understanding smoking processes among Latinx adults who smoke cigarettes and should be integrated in theoretical models of smoking among this population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Data will be made available upon request.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Abelson, R. P. (1985). A variance explanation paradox: When a little is a lot. Psychological Bulletin, 97(1), 129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade, N., Ford, A. D., & Alvarez, C. (2021). Discrimination and latino health: A systematic review of risk and resilience. Hispanic Health Care International, 19(1), 5–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arellano-Morales, L., Roesch, S. C., Gallo, L. C., Emory, K. T., Molina, K. M., Gonzalez, P., & Deng, Y. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of Perceived ethnic discrimination in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study. Journal of Latina/o psychology, 3(3), 160.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Barrera, M. Jr., Castro, F. G., Strycker, L. A., & Toobert, D. J. (2013). Cultural adaptations of behavioral health interventions: A progress report. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 81(2), 196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, I. V., Danyluck, C., Judd, C. M., Manson, S. M., Laudenslager, M. L., Daugherty, S. L., & Brondolo, E. (2021). Validation of the brief perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire–community version in american Indians. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 27(1), 47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Britton, M., Derrick, J. L., Shepherd, J. M., Haddad, S., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2021). Associations between alcohol consumption and smoking variables among Latinx daily smokers. Addictive behaviors, 113, 106672.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brondolo, E., Kelly, K. P., Coakley, V., Gordon, T., Thompson, S., Levy, E., & Contrada, R. J. (2005). The perceived ethnic discrimination questionnaire: Development and preliminary validation of a community version 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 35(2), 335–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. A., Lejuez, C., Kahler, C. W., & Strong, D. R. (2002). Distress tolerance and duration of past smoking cessation attempts. Journal of abnormal psychology, 111(1), 180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckner, J. D., Lewis, E. M., Shepherd, J. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2022). Ethnic discrimination and alcohol-related problem severity among Hispanic/Latin drinkers: The role of social anxiety in the minority stress model.Journal of substance abuse treatment,108730.

  • Castro, Y. (2016). Determinants of Smoking and Cessation among Latinos: Challenges and Implications for Research. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10(7), 390–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12256.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., Zayas, L. H., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2007). Legal status, emotional well-being and subjective health status of latino immigrants. Journal of the National Medical Association, 99(10), 1126.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, C. L., Salas-Wright, C. P., John, R., Schwartz, S. J., Vaughn, M., Martínez, C. R., & Cano, M. (2021). Á. Discrimination trends and mental health among native-and foreign-born Latinos: Results from national surveys in 2004 and 2013. Prevention Science, 22(3), 397–407.

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cokkinides, V. E., Halpern, M. T., Barbeau, E. M., Ward, E., & Thun, M. J. (2008). Racial and ethnic disparities in smoking-cessation interventions: Analysis of the 2005 National Health interview survey. American journal of preventive medicine, 34(5), 404–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Contrada, R. J., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M. L., Coups, E., Egeth, J. D., Sewell, A., & Chasse, V. (2001). Measures of ethnicity-related stress: Psychometric properties, ethnic group differences, and associations with well-being. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(9), 1775–1820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00205.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, D. B., & Fletcher, T. L. (2021). The influence of racial/ethnic discrimination experiences on cigarette craving for african american and hispanic smokers. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 8(4), 1047–1053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldner, M. T., Lewis, S. F., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Schnurr, P. P., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2006a). Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the relation between trauma exposure frequency and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20(2), 201–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Stickle, T. R., Bonn-Miller, M. O., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2006b). Anxiety sensitivity–physical concerns as a moderator of the emotional consequences of emotion suppression during biological challenge: An experimental test using individual growth curve analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(2), 249–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Babson, K., Leen-Feldner, E. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2008). An integrated approach to panic prevention targeting the empirically supported risk factors of smoking and anxiety sensitivity: Theoretical basis and evidence from a pilot project evaluating feasibility and short-term efficacy. Journal of anxiety disorders, 22(7), 1227–1243.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Findling, M. G., Bleich, S. N., Casey, L. S., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Latinos. Health services research, 54, 1409–1418.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Garey, L., Jardin, C., Kauffman, B. Y., Sharp, C., Neighbors, C., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Barriers to Cessation Scale. Psychological assessment, 29(7), 844.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonyea, J. G., & O’Donnell, A. E. (2021). Religious coping and psychological well-being in latino Alzheimer’s caregivers. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 36(12), 1922–1930.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, T., Croce, E., & Matsui, E. C. (2022). Asthma and the social determinants of health. Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology, 128(1), 5–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamed, S., Bradby, H., Ahlberg, B. M., & Thapar-Björkert, S. (2022). Racism in healthcare: A scoping review. BMC public health, 22(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heen, M., Lieberman, J. D., & Miethe, T. D. (2014). A comparison of different online sampling approaches for generating national samples. Center for Crime and Justice Policy, 1, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, T. K., Scarinci, I. C., Person, S. D., & Greene, P. G. (2005). Patient smoking cessation advice by health care providers: The role of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and health. American journal of public health, 95(6), 1056–1061.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kendzor, D. E., Businelle, M. S., Reitzel, L. R., Castro, Y., Vidrine, J. I., Mazas, C. A., & Correa-Fernández, V. (2014). The influence of discrimination on smoking cessation among Latinos. Drug and alcohol dependence, 136, 143–148.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kristman-Valente, A. N., & Flaherty, B. P. (2016). Latino cigarette smoking patterns by gender in a US-National Sample. Annals Of Behavioral Medicine, 50(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9729-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon, D. M., Santiago-Torres, M., Mull, K. E., Sullivan, B. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bricker, J. B. (2022). Web-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Smoking Cessation: Is it Engaging and Efficacious for US Hispanic/Latinx Adult Smokers?Preventive Medicine Reports,101952.

  • Levinson, A. H., Pérez-Stable, E. J., Espinoza, P., Flores, E. T., & Byers, T. E. (2004). Latinos report less use of pharmaceutical aids when trying to quit smoking. American journal of preventive medicine, 26(2), 105–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo-Blanco, E. I., & Unger, J. B. (2015). Ethnic discrimination, acculturative stress, and family conflict as predictors of depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among Latina/o youth: The mediating role of perceived stress. Journal of youth and adolescence, 44(10), 1984–1997.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Macnee, C. L., & Talsma, A. (1995). Development and testing of the barriers to cessation scale.Nursing research.

  • McDermott, E. R., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., & Zeiders, K. H. (2019). Profiles of coping with ethnic-racial discrimination and Latina/o adolescents’ adjustment. Journal of youth and adolescence, 48(5), 908–923.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men.Journal of health and social behavior,38–56.

  • Molina, K. M., Jackson, B., & Rivera-Olmedo, N. (2016). Discrimination, racial/ethnic identity, and substance use among Latina/os: Are they gendered? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50(1), 119–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen, K. H., Subramanian, S., Sorensen, G., Tsang, K., & Wright, R. J. (2012). Influence of experiences of racial discrimination and ethnic identity on prenatal smoking among urban black and hispanic women. J Epidemiol Community Health, 66(4), 315–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nierkens, V., Hartman, M. A., Nicolaou, M., Vissenberg, C., Beune, E. J., Hosper, K., & Stronks, K. (2013). Effectiveness of cultural adaptations of interventions aimed at smoking cessation, diet, and/or physical activity in ethnic minorities. A systematic review. PloS one, 8(10), e73373.

  • O’Cleirigh, C., Zvolensky, M. J., Smits, J. A., Labbe, A. K., Coleman, J. N., Wilner, J. G., & Regenauer, K. S. (2018). Integrated treatment for smoking cessation, anxiety, and depressed mood in people living with HIV: A randomized controlled trial. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 79(2), 261–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S., Lee, J. Y., Song, T. M., & Cho, S. I. (2012). Age-associated changes in nicotine dependence. Public Health, 126(6), 482–489.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perzow, S. E., Bray, B. C., Wadsworth, M. E., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2021). Individual differences in adolescent coping: Comparing a community sample and a low-SES sample to understand coping in context. Journal of youth and adolescence, 50(4), 693–710.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Piper, M. E., Cook, J. W., Schlam, T. R., Jorenby, D. E., Smith, S. S., Bolt, D. M., & Loh, W. Y. (2010). Gender, race, and education differences in abstinence rates among participants in two randomized smoking cessation trials. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(6), 647–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pogun, S., & Yararbas, G. (2009). Sex differences in nicotine action. Nicotine psychopharmacology, 261–291.

  • Ramírez García, J. I. (2019). Integrating Latina/o ethnic determinants of health in research to promote population health and reduce health disparities. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(1), 21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Cano, R., Garey, L., Bakhshaie, J., Shepherd, J. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2020). The synergetic effect of alcohol consumption and cigarettes per day on smoking outcomes expectancies among Latinx adult smokers. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 1–22.

  • Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., Casad, B. J., Townsend, S. S., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interethnic interactions. American Journal Of Public Health, 102(5), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300620.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd, J. M., Bakhshaie, J., Nizio, P., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2022). Anxiety symptoms and smoking outcome expectancies among spanish-speaking Latinx adult smokers: Exploring the role of anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 21(1), 304–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, L., Stevens, G. D., Lebrun, L. A., Faed, P., & Tsai, J. (2008). Enhancing the measurement of health disparities for vulnerable populations. Journal of public health management and practice, 14(6), S45–S52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, V. N., Sutton, S. K., Medina-Ramirez, P., Martinez, U., Brandon, K. O., Byrne, M. M., & Brandon, T. H. (2022). Self‐help smoking cessation intervention for spanish‐speaking Hispanics/Latinxs in the United States: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 128(5), 984–994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smits, J. A., Zvolensky, M. J., Davis, M. L., Rosenfield, D., Marcus, B. H., Church, T. S., & Hopkins, L. B. (2016). The efficacy of vigorous-intensity exercise as an aid to smoking cessation in adults with high anxiety sensitivity: A randomized controlled trial. Psychosomatic medicine, 78(3), 354.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., & Stewart, S. H. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the anxiety sensitivity Index-3. Psychological assessment, 19(2), 176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, A. N., Biener, L., & Rigotti, N. A. (2002). Effect on smoking cessation of switching nicotine replacement therapy to over-the-counter status. American journal of public health, 92(3), 437–442.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, L., Driscoll, M. W., & Voell, M. (2012). Discrimination, acculturation, acculturative stress, and latino psychological distress: A moderated mediational model. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(1), 17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torres, L., & Taknint, J. T. (2015). Ethnic microaggressions, traumatic stress symptoms, and latino depression: A moderated mediational model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trinidad, D. R., Pérez-Stable, E. J., Emery, S. L., White, M. M., Grana, R. A., & Messer, K. S. (2009). Intermittent and light daily smoking across racial/ethnic groups in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11(2), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntn018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trinidad, D. R., Pérez-Stable, E. J., White, M. M., Emery, S. L., & Messer, K. (2011). A nationwide analysis of US racial/ethnic disparities in smoking behaviors, smoking cessation, and cessation-related factors. American journal of public health, 101(4), 699–706.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, S. L., Seibert, S. E., Goering, D., & O’Boyle, E. H. (2018). A tale of two sample sources: Do results from online panel data and conventional data converge? Journal of Business and Psychology, 1–28.

  • West, R. (2007). The clinical significance of ’small’effects of smoking cessation treatments.

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Lejuez, C., Kahler, C. W., & Brown, R. A. (2004). Nonclinical panic attack history and smoking cessation: An initial examination. Addictive behaviors, 29(4), 825–830.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Kotov, R., Antipova, A. V., & Schmidt, N. B. (2005). Diathesis stress model for panic-related distress: A test in a russian epidemiological sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(4), 521–532.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Bernstein, A., Cardenas, S. J., Colotla, V. A., Marshall, E. C., & Feldner, M. T. (2007). Anxiety sensitivity and early relapse to smoking: A test among mexican daily, low-level smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9(4), 483–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Bogiaizian, D., Salazar, P. L., Farris, S. G., & Bakhshaie, J. (2014). An anxiety sensitivity reduction smoking-cessation program for spanish-speaking smokers (Argentina). Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 21(3), 350–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Paulus, D. J., Bakhshaie, J., Viana, A. G., Garza, M., Manning, K., & Valdivieso, J. (2017a). Subjective social status and anxiety and depressive symptoms and disorders among low income latinos in primary care: The role of emotion dysregulation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(5), 686–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Paulus, D. J., Langdon, K. J., Robles, Z., Garey, L., Norton, P. J., & Businelle, M. S. (2017b). Anxiety sensitivity explains associations between anxious arousal symptoms and smoking abstinence expectancies, perceived barriers to cessation, and problems experienced during past quit attempts among low-income smokers. Journal of anxiety disorders, 48, 70–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Garey, L., Allan, N. P., Farris, S. G., Raines, A. M., Smits, J. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2018a). Effects of anxiety sensitivity reduction on smoking abstinence: An analysis from a panic prevention program. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 86(5), 474.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Garey, L., Fergus, T. A., Gallagher, M. W., Viana, A. G., Shepherd, J. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2018b). Refinement of anxiety sensitivity measurement: The short scale anxiety sensitivity index (SSASI). Psychiatry research, 269, 549–557.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Bakhshaie, J., Shepherd, J. M., Garey, L., Viana, A. G., & Peraza, N. (2020a). Anxiety symptoms and smoking among Latinx adult smokers: The importance of sensitivity to internal cues in terms of dependence, barriers for quitting, and quit problems. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 43(1), 88–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Shepherd, J. M., Bakhshaie, J., Peraza, N., Garey, L., Mayorga, N. A., & Berger-Cardoso, J. (2020b). Acculturative stress, anxiety sensitivity, and smoking among spanish-speaking Latinx adult smokers. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(7), 1086–1096.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to the University of Houston under Award Number U54MD015946. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, 77204, Houston, TX, USA

    Michael J. Zvolensky, Justin M. Shepherd, Bryce K. Clausen, Lorra Garey & Brooke Y. Redmond

  2. Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Michael J. Zvolensky

  3. HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Michael J. Zvolensky

  4. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington, USA

    Margarita Santiago-Torres & Jonathan B. Bricker

  5. Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Washington, USA

    Jonathan B. Bricker

Authors
  1. Michael J. Zvolensky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Justin M. Shepherd
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bryce K. Clausen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lorra Garey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Brooke Y. Redmond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Margarita Santiago-Torres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jonathan B. Bricker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

M.Z. was the lead author of this manuscript and contributed to writing all parts, editing, data analysis, and data collection. J.S. contributed to data analysis, writing and editing of all parts, and data collection. B.C. contributed to data analysis, writing of methods and results, editing of all parts, and data collection. L.G. contributed to data analysis, writing and editing of all parts, and data collection. B.R. contributed to data analysis, writing and editing of all parts, and data collection. M.S.T. contributed to writing and editing of all parts. J.B. contributed to writing and editing of all parts.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael J. Zvolensky.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Ethics Approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Houston.

Consent to Participate

Participants provided voluntary informed consent before beginning the study.

Consent for Publication

Participants provided voluntary informed consent before beginning the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zvolensky, M.J., Shepherd, J.M., Clausen, B.K. et al. Role of perceived discrimination and anxiety sensitivity in cigarette smoking among english-speaking latinx adults living in the United States. J Behav Med 46, 791–800 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-023-00409-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-023-00409-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation