Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Persistent, High Levels of Social Jetlag Predict Poor Weight Outcomes in a Weight Gain Prevention Study for Young adults

  • Published:
Journal of Behavioral Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

Social jetlag (SJL), the discrepancy in sleep timing between weekdays and weekends, is associated with higher BMI and cardiometabolic risk and is common in young adults. We examined whether chronic SJL impacts weight gain in young adults participating in a weight gain prevention trial.

Methods

Young adults (n = 599, age 18–35; BMI: 21.0-30.9 kg/m2) completed assessments at 0, 4, 12, and 24 months. Multilevel mixed growth models were used to examine (1) associations between demographics and longitudinal SJL and (2) longitudinal SJL as a predictor of weight change and cardiometabolic outcomes. SJL was assessed as a continuous and clinically-significant dichotomous (< vs. ≥2 h) variable.

Results

38% of participants had clinically-significant SJL at ≥ 1 timepoints (Baseline M ± SD = 1.3±0.89). Younger (b=-0.05, p < 0.001), female (b = 0.18, p = 0.037) and Black (compared to White, b = 0.23, p = 0.045) participants were more likely to have greater SJL. Individuals with high SJL (≥ 2 h; between-person effect) were more likely to have greater weight gain over 2 years (b = 0.05, p = 0.028). High SJL did not affect the rate of change in waist circumference or cardiometabolic markers over time.

Conclusions

High SJL is associated with greater weight gain over time. Reducing SJL may positively impact weight status in young adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability Material

Data are available at NIH/NHLBI BioLINCC.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Bibliography/References Cited

  • Bass, J., & Takahashi, J. S. (2010). Circadian integration of metabolism and energetics. Science, 330(6009), 1349–1354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Billings, T., & Berg-Cross, L. (2014). Sleep competing activities and sleep problems in minority college students. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 1(4), 300–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caliandro, R., Streng, A. A., van Kerkhof, L. W., van der Horst, G. T., & Chaves, I. (2021). Social jetlag and related risks for human health: A timely review. Nutrients, 13(12), 4543

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chandrakar, P. (2017). Social jetlag in school students: evidence to suggest that sleep deprivation during work days is common. Biological Rhythm Research, 48(1), 99–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Y. Y., Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S., Acevedo-Garcia, D., & Lee, Y. J. (2005). Can social factors explain sex differences in insomnia? Findings from a national survey in Taiwan. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59(6), 488–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutton, G. R., Kim, Y., Jacobs, D. R. Jr., Li, X., Loria, C. M., Reis, J. P., & Shikany, J. M. (2016). 25-year weight gain in a racially balanced sample of US adults: the CARDIA study. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 24(9), 1962–1968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison-Barnes, A., Johnson, S., & Gudzune, K. (2021). Trends in Obesity Prevalence Among Adults Aged 18 Through 25 Years, 1976–2018. Journal Of The American Medical Association, 326(20), 2073–2074

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, D., Lombardi, D. A., Marucci-Wellman, H., & Roenneberg, T. (2017). Chronotypes in the US–influence of age and sex.PLoS One, 12(6), e0178782

  • Frech, A. (2014). Pathways to adulthood and changes in health-promoting behaviors. Advances in life course research, 19, 40–49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaultney, J. F. (2010). The prevalence of sleep disorders in college students: impact on academic performance. Journal of American College Health, 59(2), 91–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goosby, B. J., Straley, E., & Cheadle, J. E. (2017). Discrimination, sleep, and stress reactivity: Pathways to African American-White cardiometabolic risk inequities. Population Research and Policy Review, 36(5), 699–716

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gradisar, M., Wolfson, A. R., Harvey, A. G., Hale, L., Rosenberg, R., & Czeisler, C. A. (2013). The sleep and technology use of Americans: findings from the National Sleep Foundation’s 2011 Sleep in America poll. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(12), 1291–1299

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hales, C., Carroll, M., Fryar, C., & Ogden, C. (2020). Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020; 360. In

  • Jakicic, J. M., Davis, K. K., Rogers, R. J., King, W. C., Marcus, M. D., Helsel, D., & Belle, S. H. (2016). Effect of wearable technology combined with a lifestyle intervention on long-term weight loss: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. Journal Of The American Medical Association, 316(11), 1161–1171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, R. M., Finn, J., Healy, U., Gallen, D., Sreenan, S., McDermott, J. H., & Coogan, A. N. (2020). Greater social jetlag associates with higher HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross sectional study. Sleep medicine, 66, 1–9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kervezee, L., Kosmadopoulos, A., & Boivin, D. B. (2020). Metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of shift work: The role of circadian disruption and sleep disturbances. European Journal of Neuroscience, 51(1), 396–412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. H., Lyu, Y. S., & Kim, S. Y. (2020). Impact of Social Jetlag on Weight Change in Adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4383

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koopman, A. D., Rauh, S. P., van ‘t Riet, E., Groeneveld, L., Van Der Heijden, A. A., Elders, P. J., & Rutters, F. (2017). The association between social jetlag, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the general population: the new Hoorn study. Journal of biological rhythms, 32(4), 359–368

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, C. J., Reynolds, A. C., Appleton, S. L., Taylor, A. W., Gill, T. K., McEvoy, R. D., & Adams, R. A. (2018). Sociodemographic and behavioural correlates of social jetlag in Australian adults: results from the 2016 National Sleep Health Foundation Study. Sleep medicine, 51, 133–139

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanoye, A., & LaRose, J. G. (2020). Social Jetlag and Emerging Adults’ Performance in a Behavioral Weight Loss Trial.Emerging Adulthood,2167696820982439

  • LaRose, J. G., Tate, D. F., Lanoye, A., Fava, J. L., Jelalian, E., Blumenthal, M., & Wing, R. R. (2019). Adapting evidence-based behavioral weight loss programs for emerging adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of health psychology, 24(7), 870–887

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laska, M. N., Lytle, L. A., Nanney, M. S., Moe, S. G., Linde, J. A., & Hannan, P. J. (2016). Results of a 2-year randomized, controlled obesity prevention trial: Effects on diet, activity and sleep behaviors in an at-risk young adult population. Preventive medicine, 89, 230–236

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Levandovski, R., Dantas, G., Fernandes, L. C., Caumo, W., Torres, I., Roenneberg, T., & Allebrandt, K. V. (2011). Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population. Chronobiology international, 28(9), 771–778

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, K. H., Edwards-Hampton, S. A., & Ard, J. D. (2016). Disparities in treatment uptake and outcomes of patients with obesity in the USA. Curr Obes Rep, 5(2), 282–290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lytle, L. A., Svetkey, L. P., Patrick, K., Belle, S. H., Fernandez, I. D., Jakicic, J. M., & Wing, R. (2014). The EARLY trials: a consortium of studies targeting weight control in young adults. Translational behavioral medicine, 4(3), 304–313

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Makarem, N., Zuraikat, F. M., Aggarwal, B., Jelic, S., & St-Onge, M. P. (2020). Variability in sleep patterns: an emerging risk factor for hypertension. Current hypertension reports, 22(2), 1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, D. M., Burch, J. B., Wirth, M. D., Youngstedt, S. D., Hardin, J. W., Hurley, T. G., & Drenowatz, C. (2018). Persistence of social jetlag and sleep disruption in healthy young adults. Chronobiology international, 35(3), 312–328

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, D. M., Burch, J. B., Youngstedt, S. D., Wirth, M. D., Hardin, J. W., Hurley, T. G., & Drenowatz, C. (2019). Relationships between chronotype, social jetlag, sleep, obesity and blood pressure in healthy young adults. Chronobiology international, 36(4), 493–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohawk, J. A., Green, C. B., & Takahashi, J. S. (2012). Central and peripheral circadian clocks in mammals. Annual review of neuroscience, 35, 445–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mong, J. A., & Cusmano, D. M. (2016). Sex differences in sleep: impact of biological sex and sex steroids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1688), 20150110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, C. J., Yang, J. N., Garcia, J. I., Myers, S., Bozzi, I., Wang, W., & Scheer, F. A. (2015). Endogenous circadian system and circadian misalignment impact glucose tolerance via separate mechanisms in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(17), E2225-E2234

  • Mulye, T. P., Park, M. J., Nelson, C. D., Adams, S. H., Irwin, C. E. Jr., & Brindis, C. D. (2009). Trends in adolescent and young adult health in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(1), 8–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, L., Freedman, D. S., Gillespie, C., Park, S., & Sherry, B. (2011). Incidences of obesity and extreme obesity among US adults: findings from the 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Population health metrics, 9(1), 1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randler, C., & Engelke, J. (2019). Gender differences in chronotype diminish with age: a meta-analysis based on morningness/chronotype questionnaires. Chronobiology international, 36(7), 888–905

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randler, C., Vollmer, C., Kalb, N., & Itzek-Greulich, H. (2019). Breakpoints of time in bed, midpoint of sleep, and social jetlag from infancy to early adulthood. Sleep medicine, 57, 80–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutters, F., Lemmens, S. G., Adam, T. C., Bremmer, M. A., Elders, P. J., Nijpels, G., & Dekker, J. M. (2014). Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile? Journal of biological rhythms, 29(5), 377–383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsemann, K. M., Ailshire, J. A., Fisk, C. E., & Brown, L. L. (2017). Do gender and racial/ethnic disparities in sleep duration emerge in early adulthood? Evidence from a longitudinal study of US adults. Sleep medicine, 36, 133–140

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, R. R., Tate, D., Espeland, M., Gorin, A., LaRose, J. G., Robichaud, E. F., & Lewis, C. E. (2013). Weight gain prevention in young adults: design of the study of novel approaches to weight gain prevention (SNAP) randomized controlled trial. Bmc Public Health, 13(1), 300

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, R. R., Tate, D. F., Espeland, M. A., Lewis, C. E., LaRose, J. G., Gorin, A. A., & Ferguson, E. (2016). Innovative self-regulation strategies to reduce weight gain in young adults: the study of novel approaches to weight gain prevention (SNAP) randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med, 176(6), 755–762

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, R. R., Espeland, M. A., Tate, D. F., Perdue, L. H., Bahnson, J., Polzien, K., & Lewis, C. E. (2020a). Weight Gain Over 6 Years in Young Adults: The Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention Randomized Trial. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 28(1), 80–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wing, R. R., Russell, G. B., Tate, D. F., Espeland, M. A., LaRose, J. G., Gorin, A. A., & Bahnson, J. (2020b). Examining Heterogeneity of Outcomes in a Weight Gain Prevention Program for Young Adults. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 28(3), 521–528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann, M., Dinich, J., Merrow, M., & Roenneberg, T. (2006). Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time. Chronobiology international, 23(1–2), 497–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, P. M., Hasler, B. P., Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., & Manuck, S. B. (2015). Social jetlag, chronotype, and cardiometabolic risk. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100(12), 4612–4620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zerón-Rugerio, M. F., Cambras, T., & Izquierdo-Pulido, M. (2019). Social jet lag associates negatively with the adherence to the mediterranean diet and body mass index among young adults. Nutrients, 11(8), 1756

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zuraikat, F. M., Makarem, N., Redline, S., Aggarwal, B., Jelic, S., & St-Onge, M. P. (2020). Sleep Regularity and Cardiometabolic Heath: Is Variability in Sleep Patterns a Risk Factor for Excess Adiposity and Glycemic Dysregulation? Current diabetes reports, 20(8), 1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz-Morales, J. F., & Escribano, C. (2015). Social jetlag, academic achievement and cognitive performance: Understanding gender/sex differences. Chronobiology international, 32(6), 822-831.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the following grants from the National Institutes of Health: NIDDK K23DK128561, NHLBI T32HL076134 and NHLBI U01HL090864.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Jacqueline F. Hayes, Leah M. Schumacher, Elissa Jelalian & Rena R. Wing

  2. Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

    Deborah F. Tate

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA

    Mark A. Espeland

  4. Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Autumn Lanoye & Jessica Gokee LaRose

  5. Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

    Autumn Lanoye

  6. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA

    Amy A. Gorin

  7. Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Cora E. Lewis

  8. Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

    Jacqueline F. Hayes, Leah M. Schumacher, Elissa Jelalian & Rena R. Wing

Authors
  1. Jacqueline F. Hayes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leah M. Schumacher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Autumn Lanoye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jessica Gokee LaRose
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Deborah F. Tate
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mark A. Espeland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Amy A. Gorin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Cora E. Lewis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Elissa Jelalian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Rena R. Wing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

for the Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention (SNAP) Research Group

Contributions

RRW, DFT, MAE, AAG, CEL, & EJ contributed to the design and execution of the SNAP study and JFH, LMS, AL, JGL, and RRW conceived and planned the current analysis. JFH and LMS analyzed the data. All authors contributed to the final paper.

Clinical Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01183689.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jacqueline F. Hayes.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

DFT serves on the Scientific Advisory board and receives grant funding from WW. JGL receives grant funding from WW. RRW is on the Scientific Advisory Board of Noom. The other authors declared no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at The Miriam Hospital and University of North Carolina and was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration as revised in 2013.

Consent to participate

Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hayes, J.F., Schumacher, L.M., Lanoye, A. et al. Persistent, High Levels of Social Jetlag Predict Poor Weight Outcomes in a Weight Gain Prevention Study for Young adults. J Behav Med 45, 794–803 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00339-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00339-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation