Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

International entrepreneurship: A critical analysis of studies in the past two decades and future directions for research

  • Published:
Journal of International Entrepreneurship Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

International entrepreneurship (IE) is an emerging field with a rapidly growing body of knowledge. This paper examines gaps, issues and trends of the IE in the last two decades. First, it suggests an integrative framework based on international business, entrepreneurship, strategic management, social network and marketing theories. The suggested model highlights the significant role played by the entrepreneur/team, firm and network resources that act as antecedents to international opportunity development and value innovation. Second, it suggests four typologies of firms (born global, enduring global, early exporter and mature exporter) that can be studied under the IE theme. Finally, we discuss future research directions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acedo FJ, Florin J (2006) An entrepreneurial cognition perspective on the internationalization of SME’s. J Int Entrep 4:49–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Acedo FJ, Jones MV (2007) Speed of internationalization and entrepreneurial cognition: insights and a comparison between international new ventures, exporters and domestic firms. J World Bus 42(3):236–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Agndal H, Chetty S (2007) The impact of relationships on changes in internationalisation strategies of SMEs. Eur J Mark 41(11/12):1449–1474. doi:10.1108/03090560710821251

    Google Scholar 

  • Agndal H, Chetty S, Wilson H (2008) Social capital dynamics and foreign market entry. Int Bus Rev 17(6):663–675. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2008.09.006

    Google Scholar 

  • Ajzen I (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 50:179–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Laham A, Souitaris V (2008) Network embeddedness and new-venture internationalization: Analyzing international linkages in the German biotech industry. J Bus Ventur 23(5):567–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen O, Buvik A (2002) Firms’ internationalization and alternative approaches to the international customer/market selection. Int Bus Rev 11(3):347

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson S, Gabrielsson J, Wictor I (2004) International activities in small firms: examining factors influencing the internationalization and export growth of small firms. Can J Adm Sci 21(1):22–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson S (2000) The internationalization of the firm from an entrepreneurial perspective. Int Stud Manag Organ 30(1):63–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson S (2004) Internationalization in different industrial contexts. J Bus Ventur 19(6):851–875

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson S (2011) International entrepreneurship, born globals and the theory of effectuation. J Small Bus Enterp Dev 18(3):627–643

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson S, Wictor I (2003) Innovative internationalisation in new firms: Born globals—the Swedish case. J Int Entrep 1(3):249–275. doi:10.1023/a:1024110806241

    Google Scholar 

  • Ardichvili A, Cardozo R, Ray S (2003) A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. J Bus Ventur 18(1):105

    Google Scholar 

  • Arenius P, Sasi V, Gabrielsson M (2005) Rapid internationalisation enabled by the Internet: the case of a knowledge intensive company. J Int Entrep 3(4):279–290. doi:10.1007/s10843-006-7856-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Armario JM, Ruiz DM, Armario EM (2008) Market orientation and internationalization in small and medium-sized enterprises. J Small Bus Manag 46(4):485–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Arranz N, De Arroyabe JCF (2009) Internationalization process of Spanish small firms: strategies, transactions and barriers. Int Small Bus J 27(4):420–441. doi:10.1177/0266242609334968

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspelund A, Madsen TK, Moen Ø (2007) A review of the foundation, international marketing strategies, and performance of international new ventures. Eur J Mark 41(11/12):1423–1448. doi:10.1108/03090560710821242

    Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch DB (1991) New-firm survival and the technological regime. Rev Econ Stat 73:441–450

    Google Scholar 

  • Autio E (2005) Creative tension: the significance of Ben Oviatt’s and Patricia McDougall’s article ‘Toward a theory of international new ventures’. J Int Bus Stud 36(1):9–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Autio E, Sapienza HJ, Almeida JG (2000) Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Acad Manage J 43(5):909–924

    Google Scholar 

  • Autio E, George G, Alexy O (2011) International entrepreneurship and capability development—qualitative evidence and future research directions. Enterp Theory Pract 35(1):11–37. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00421.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Axinn CN, Matthyssens P (2002) Limits of internationalization theories in an unlimited world. Int Mark Rev 19(5):436

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker T, Gedajlovic E, Lubatkin M (2005) A framework for comparing entrepreneurship processes across nations. J Int Bus Stud 36(5):492–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura A (1997) Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. W.H. Freeman, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkema HG, Drogendijk R (2007) Internationalising in small, incremental or larger steps? J Int Bus Stud 38:1132–1148. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400315

    Google Scholar 

  • Barney JB, Ketchen DJ, Wright M (2011) The future of resource-based theory: revitalization or decline? J Manag. doi:10.1177/0149206310391805

  • Baron RA (2004) The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship’s basic “why” questions. J Bus Ventur 19:221–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron RA, Markman GD (2000) Beyond social capital: How social skills can enhance entrepreneurs’ success. Acad Manag Exec 14(1):106–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron RA, Shane S (2004) Entrepreneurship: a process perspective. South-Western, Mason

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron RA, Tang J (2011) The role of entrepreneurs in firm-level innovation: joint effects of positive affect, creativity, and environmental dynamism. J Bus Ventur 26(1):49–60. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.06.002

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum JR, Locke EA (2004) The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. J Appl Psychol 89(4):587

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum JR, Locke EA, Smith KG (2001) A multidimensional model of venture growth. Acad Manage J 44(2):292–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum M, Schwens C, Kabst R (2011a) International as opposed to domestic new venturing: the moderating role of perceived barriers to internationalization. Int Small Bus J 0 (0):1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum M, Schwens C, Kabst R (2011b) A typology of international new ventures: empirical evidence from high-technology industries. J Small Bus Manag 49(3):305–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Bausch A, Krist M (2007) The effect of context-related moderators on the internationalization–performance relationship: evidence from meta-analysis. Manag Int Rev (MIR) 47(3):319–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell J (1995) The internationalization of small computer software firms. Eur J Mark 29(8):60–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell J, Young S (1998) Towards an integrative framework of the internationalization of the firm. In: Hooley G, Loveridge R, Wilson D (eds) Internationalization process, context, and markets. Macmillan Press Ltd, London, pp 5–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell J, McNaughton R, Young S (2001) ‘Born-again global’ firms: an extenstion to the ‘born global’ phenomenon. J Int Manag 7:173–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell J, McNaughton R, Young S, Crick D (2003) Towards an integrative model of small firm internationalization. J Int Entrep 1:339–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell J, Crick D, Young S (2004) Small firm internationalization and business strategy: an exploratory study of ‘knowledge-intensive’ and ‘traditional’ manufacturing firms in the UK. Int Small Bus J 22(1):23–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird B (1998) Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intention. Acad Manag Rev 13:442–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Blesa A, Monferrer D, Nauwelaerts Y, Ripollés M (2008) The effect of early international commitment on international positional advantages in Spanish and Belgian international new ventures. J Int Entrep 6(4):168–187. doi:10.1007/s10843-008-0026-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomstermo A, Eriksson K, Lindstrand A, Sharma DD (2004) The perceived usefulness of network experiential knowledge in the internationalizing firm. J Int Manag 10(3):355–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloodgood JM, Sapienza HJ, Almeida JG (1996) The internationalization of new high-potential U.S. ventures: antecedents and outcomes. Enterp Theory Pract 20(4):61–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Boter H, Holmquist C (1996) Industry characteristics and internationalization processes in small firms. J Bus Ventur 11(6):471

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazeal DV, Herbert TT (1999) The genesis of entrepreneurship. Enterp Theory Pract 23:29–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Brettel M, Engelen A, Heinemann F (2009) New entrepreneurial ventures in a globalized world: the role of market orientation. J Int Entrep 7(2):88–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouthers LE, Nakos G (2005) The role of systematic international market selection on small firms export performance. J Small Bus Manag 43(4):363–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouthers LE, Nakos G, Hadjimarcou J, Brouthers KD (2009) Key factors for successful export performance for small firms. J Int Mark 17(3):21–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Brush CG, Vanderwerf PA (1992) A comparison of methods and sources for obtaining estimates of new venture performance. J Bus Ventur 7(2):157–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgel O, Murray GC (2000) The international market entry choices of start-up companies in high technology industry. J Int Mark 8(2):33–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Burpitt WJ, Rondinelli DA (2000) Small firms’ motivations for exporting: to earn and learn? J Small Bus Manag 38(4):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler JE, Doktor R, Lins FA (2010) Linking international entrepreneurship to uncertainty, opportunity discovery, and cognition. J Int Entrep 8(2):121–134. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0054-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttriss GJ, Wilkinson IF (2006) Using narrative sequence methods to advance international entrepreneurship theory. J Int Entrep 4(4):157–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadogan JW, Kuivalainen O, Sundqvist S (2009) Export market oriented behavior and export performance: quadratic and moderating effects under differing degrees of market dynamism and internationalization. J Int Mark 17(4):71–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Calof JL, Beamish PW (1995) Adapting to foreign markets: explaining internationalization. Int Bus Rev 4(2):115–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassiman B, Golovko E (2010) Innovation and internationalization through exports. J Int Bus Stud 42(1):56–75. doi:10.1057/jibs.2010.36

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra Y, Coviello NE (2010) Broadening the concept of international entrepreneurship consumers as international entrepreneurs. J World Bus 45:228–236. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.09.006

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra Y, Styles C, Wilkinson I (2009) The recognition of first time international entrepreneurial opportunities: evidence from firms in knowledge-based industries. Int Mark Rev 26(1):30–61. doi:10.1108/02651330910933195

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra Y, Styles C, Wilkinson IF (2012) An opportunity-based view of rapid internationalization. J Int Mark 20(1):74–102. doi:10.1509/jim.10.0147

    Google Scholar 

  • Che Senik Z, Scott-Ladd B, Entrekin L, Adham K (2011) Networking and internationalization of SMEs in emerging economies. J Int Entrep 9(4):259–281. doi:10.1007/s10843-011-0078-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Gully SM, Eden D (2004) General self-efficacy and self-esteem: toward theoretical and empirical distinction between correlated self-evaluations. J Organ Behav 25(3):375–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng H-L, Yu C-MJ (2008) Institutional pressures and initiation of internationalization: evidence from Taiwanese small- and medium-sized enterprises. Int Bus Rev 17(3):331–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Chetty S, Agndal H (2007) Social capital and its influence on changes in internationalization mode among small and medium-sized enterprises. J Int Mark 15(1):1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Chetty S, Agndal H (2008) Role of inter-organizational networks and interpersonal networks in an industrial district. Reg Stud 42(2):175–187. doi:10.1080/00343400601142696

    Google Scholar 

  • Chetty S, Cambell-Hunt C (2003a) Explosive international growth and problems of success amongst small to medium-sized firms. Int Small Bus J 21(1):5–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Chetty S, Cambell-Hunt C (2003b) Paths to internationalisation among small- to medium-sized firms: a global versus regional approach. Eur J Mark 37(5/6):796–820. doi:10.1108/03090560310465152

    Google Scholar 

  • Chetty S, Cambell-Hunt C (2004) A strategic approach to internationalization: a traditional versus a “born-global” approach. J Int Mark 12(1):57–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Chetty S, Holm DB (2000) Internationalization of small to medium-sized manufacturing firms: a network approach. Int Bus Rev 9:77–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Chetty SK, Stangl LM (2010) Internationalization and innovation in a network relationship context. Eur J Mark 44(11/12):1725–1743. doi:10.1108/03090561011079855

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiao Y-C, Yang K-P, Yu C-MJ (2006) Performance, internationalization, and firm-specific advantages of SMEs in a newly-industrialized economy. Small Bus Econ 26(5):475–492. doi:10.1007/s11187-005-5604-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Clercq DD, Sapienza HJ, Crijns H (2005) Internationalization of small and medium-sized firms. Small Bus Econ 24(409–419). doi:10.1007/s11187-005-5333-x

  • Collinson S, Houlden J (2005) Decision-making and market orientation in the internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises. Manag Int Rev (MIR) 45(4):413–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Coombs JE, Sadrieh F, Annavarjula M (2009) Two decades of international entrepreneurship research: what have we learned-where do we go from here? Int J Entrep 13:23

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett AC (2005) Experiential learning within the process of opportunity identification and exploitation. Enterp Theory Pract 29(4):473–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Coviello NE (2006) The network dynamics of international new ventures. J Int Bus Stud 37:713–731

    Google Scholar 

  • Coviello NE, Cox M (2006) The resource dynamics of international new venture networks. J Int Entrep 4(2):113–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Coviello NE, Jones MV (2004) Methodological issues in international entrepreneurship research. J Bus Ventur 19(4):485–508. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.06.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Coviello NE, Martin KAM (1999) Internationalization of service SMEs: an integrated perspective from the engineering consulting sector. J Int Mark 7(4):42–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Coviello NE, Munro HJ (1995) Growing the entrepreneurial firm, networking for international marketing development. Eur J Mark 29(7):49–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Coviello NE, Munro HJ (1997) Network relationships and the internationalization process of small software firms. Int Bus Rev 6(4):361–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Covin JG, Slevin DP (1991) A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as a firm behaviour. Enterp Theory Pract 16(1):7–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick D (2009) The internationalisation of born global and international new venture SMEs. Int Mark Rev 26(4/5):453–476. doi:10.1108/02651330910971986

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick D (2011) A study into the international competitiveness of low and high intensity Tanzanian exporting SME’s. J Small Bus Enterp Dev 18(3):594–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick D, Spence M (2005) The internationalisation of ‘high performing’ UK-high tech SMEs: a study of planned and unplanned strategies. Int Bus Rev 14:167–185. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2004.04.007

    Google Scholar 

  • Dana LP, Hamilton RT, Wick K (2008) Deciding to export: an exploratory study of Singaporean entrepreneurs. J Int Entrep 7(2):79–87. doi:10.1007/s10843-008-0032-8

    Google Scholar 

  • De Chiara A, Minguzzi A (2002) Success factors in SMEs’ internationalization processes: an Italian investigation. J Small Bus Manag 40(2):146–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhanaraj C, Beamish PW (2003) A resource based approach to the study of export performance. J Small Bus Manag 41(3):242–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Gregorio D, Musteen M, Thomas DE (2008) International new ventures: the cross-border nexus of individuals and opportunities. J World Bus 43(2):186–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Dib LA, Rocha A, Silva JF (2010) The internationalization process of Brazilian software firms and the born global phenomenon: examining firm, network, and entrepreneur variables. J Int Entrep 8(3):233–253. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0044-z

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitratos P, Jones MV (2005) Future directions for international entrepreneurship research. Int Bus Rev 14(2):119–128. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2004.06.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitratos P, Plakoyiannaki E (2003) Theoretical foundations of an international entrepreneurial culture. J Int Entrep 1:187–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitratos P, Lioukas S, Carter S (2004) The relationship between entrepreneurship and international performance: the importance of domestic environment. Int Bus Rev 13(1):19–41. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2003.08.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitratos P, Plakoyiannaki E, Pitsoulaki A, Tüselmann HJ (2010) The global smaller firm in international entrepreneurship. Int Bus Rev 19(6):589–606. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.03.005

    Google Scholar 

  • Dimitratos P, Voudouris I, Plakoyiannaki E, Nakos G (2012) International entrepreneurial culture: toward a comprehensive opportunity-based operationalization of international entrepreneurship. Int Bus Rev 21:708–721

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon-Woods M, Agarwal S, Jones D, Young B, Sutton A (2005) Synthesising qualitative and quantitative evidence: a review of possible methods. J Health Serv Res Policy 10(1):45–53B

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis PD (2011) Social ties and international entrepreneurship: opportunities and constraints affecting firm internationalization. J Int Bus Stud 42(1):99–127

    Google Scholar 

  • Eren-Erdogmus I, Cobanoglu E, Yalcin M, Ghauri PN (2010) Internationalization of emerging market firms: the case of Turkish retailers. Int Mark Rev 27(3):316–337. doi:10.1108/02651331011048014

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson T (2002) Entrepreneurial capital: the emerging venture’s most important asset and competitive advantage. J Bus Ventur 17(3):275–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson K, Johanson J, Majkgard A, Sharma DD (1997) Experiential knowledge and cost in the internationalization process. J Int Bus Stud 28(2):337–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson K, Majkgard A, Sharma DD (2000) Path dependence and knowledge development in the internationalization process. Manag Int Rev 40:307–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Etemad H (2004a) Internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises: a grounded theoretical framework and an overview. Can J Adm Sci 21(1):1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Etemad H (2004b) International entrepreneurship as a dynamic adaptive system: towards a grounded theory. J Int Entrep 2(1):5–59. doi:10.1023/B:JIEN.0000026905.90552.b5

    Google Scholar 

  • Etemad H (ed) (2004c) International entrepreneurship in small and medium size enterprises: orientation, environment, and strategy. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham

    Google Scholar 

  • Etemad H, Lee Y (2003) The knowledge network of international entrepreneurship: theory and evidence. Small Bus Econ 20(1):5

    Google Scholar 

  • Etemad H, Wright RW (1999) Internationalization of SMEs: management responses to a changing environment. J Int Mark 7(4):4–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Etemad H, Wright RW (2003) Internationalization of SME’s: towards a new paradigm. Small Bus Econ 20:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Etemad H, Wilkinson I, Dana LP (2010) Internetization as the necessary condition for internationalization in the newly emerging economy. J Int Entrep 8(4):319–342. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0062-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Evald M, Klyver K, Christensen P (2011) The effect of human capital, social capital, and perceptual values on nascent entrepreneurs’ export intentions. J Int Entrep 9(1):1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Evangelista F (2005) Qualitative insights into the international new venture creation process. J Int Entrep 3(3):179–198. doi:10.1007/s10843-005-4204-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers N (2010) Factors influencing the internationalisation of new ventures in the Irish aquaculture industry: an exploratory study. J Int Entrep 8(4):392–416. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0065-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers N (2011) International new ventures in “low tech” sectors: a dynamic capabilities perspective. J Small Bus Enterp Dev 18(3):502–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers N, Knight J (2008) Role of international trade shows in small firm internationalization: a network perspective. Int Mark Rev 25(5):544–562. doi:10.1108/02651330810904080

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers N, O’Gorman C (2011) Improvised internationalization in new ventures: the role of prior knowledge and networks. Entrep Reg Dev 23(7/8):549–574. doi:10.1080/08985621003690299

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan T, Phan P (2007) International new ventures: revisiting the influences behind the ‘born-global’ firm. J Int Bus Stud 38(7):1113–1131. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400308

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez Z, Nieto MJ (2006) Impact of ownership on the international involvement of SMEs. J Int Bus Stud 37(3):340–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernhaber SA, McDougall PP, Oviatt BM (2007) Exploring the role of industry structure in new venture internationalization. Enterp Theory Pract 31(4):517–542

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernhaber SA, Gilbert BA, McDougall PP (2008) International entrepreneurship and geographic location: an empirical examination of new venture internationalization. J Int Bus Stud 39:267–290. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400342

    Google Scholar 

  • Filatotchev I, Liu X, Buck T, Wright M (2009) The export orientation and export performance of high-technology SME’s in emerging markets: the effects of knowledge transfer by returnee entrepreneurs. J Int Bus Stud 40:1005–1021

    Google Scholar 

  • Fillis I (2001) Small firm internationalization: an investigative survey and future research directions. Manag Decis 39(9):767–783

    Google Scholar 

  • Fillis I (2004) The internationalizing smaller craft firm: insights from the marketing/entrepreneurship interface. Int Small Bus J 22(1):57–82. doi:10.1177/0266242604039481

    Google Scholar 

  • Fillis I, Rentschler R (2010) The role of creativity in entrepreneurship. J Enterp Cult 18(1):49–81. doi:10.1142/s0218495810000501

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink M, Harms R, Kraus S (2008) Cooperative internationalization of SMEs: self-commitment as a success factor for international entrepreneurship. Eur Manag J 26:429–440. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2008.09.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher R (2001) A holistic approach to internationalisation. Int Bus Rev 10(1):25

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher R (2008) The internationalisation from a network perspective: a longitudinal study. Ind Mark Manag 37(8):953–964. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2007.09.008

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher M, Prashantham S (2011) Knowledge assimilation processes of rapidly internationalising firms. J Small Bus Enterp Dev 18(3):475–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes DP (2005) The effects of strategic decision making on entrepreneurial self efficacy. Enterp Theory Pract 29(5):599–626

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsgren M (2002) The concept of learning in the Uppsala internationalization process model: a critical review. Int Bus Rev 11:257–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman S, Cavusgil ST (2007) Toward a typology of commitment states among managers of Born-Global firms: a study of accelerated Internationalization. J Int Mark 15(4):1–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman S, Edwards R, Schroder B (2006) How smaller born-global firms use networks and alliances to overcome constraints to rapid Internationalization. J Int Mark 14(3):33–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman S, Hutchings K, Lazaris M, Zyngier S (2010) A model of rapid knowledge development: the smaller born-global firm. Int Bus Rev 19(1):70–84. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.09.004

    Google Scholar 

  • Frishammar J, Andersson S (2009) The overestimated role of strategic orientations for international performance in smaller firms. J Int Entrep 7(1):57–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Fryges H (2009) Internationalisation of technology-oriented firms in Germany and the UK. Small Bus Econ 33(2):165–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrielsson M (2005) Branding strategies of born globals. J Int Entrep 3:199–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrielsson M, Gabrielsson P (2011) Internet-based sales channel strategies of born global firms. Int Bus Rev 20(1):88–99. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.05.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrielsson M, Kirpalani VHM (2004) Born globals: how to reach new business space rapidly. Int Bus Rev 13(5):555–571

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrielsson M, Pelkonen T (2008) Born internationals: market expansion and business operation mode strategies in the digital media field. J Int Entrep 6(2):49–71. doi:10.1007/s10843-008-0020-z

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrielsson M, Kirpalani VHM, Dimitratos P, Solberg C, Zucchella A (2008) Born globals: propositions to help advance the theory. Int Bus Rev 17:385–401. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2008.02.015

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaglio CM, Katz JA (2001) The psychological basis of opportunity identification: entrepreneurial alertness. Small Bus Econ 16(2):95–111. doi:10.1023/a:1011132102464

    Google Scholar 

  • Gankema HGJ, Snuif HR, Zwart PS (2000) The internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises: an evaluation of stage theory. J Small Bus Manag 38(4):15–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Gassmann O, Keupp MM (2007) The competitive advantage of early and rapidly internationalising SMEs in the biotechnology industry: a knowledge-based view. J World Bus 42(3):350–366. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2007.04.006

    Google Scholar 

  • Gemser G, Brand MJ, Sorge A (2004) Exploring the internationalisation process of small businesses: a study of Dutch old and new economy firms. Manag Int Rev (MIR) 44(2):127–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert BA, McDougall PP, Audretsch DB (2006) New venture growth: a review and extension. J Manag 32(6):926–950. doi:10.1177/0149206306293860

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant RM, Jammine AP (1988) Performance differences between the Wrigley/Rumelt strategic categories. Strat Manag J 9(4):333–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadley RD, Wilson HIM (2003) The network model of internationalisation and experiential knowledge. Int Bus Rev 12(6):697

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallback J, Larimo J (2007) Variety in international new ventures—typological analysis and beyond. J Euromark 16(1):37–57. doi:10.1300/J037v16n01_04

    Google Scholar 

  • Han M (2006) Developing social capital to achieve superior internationalization: a conceptual model. J Int Entrep 4(2):99–112. doi:10.1007/s10843-007-0003-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Harms R, Schiele H (2012) Antecedents and consequences of effectuation and causation in the international new venture creation process. J Int Entrep. doi:10.1007/s10843-012-0089-2

  • Harris S, Wheeler C (2005) Entrepreneurs relationship for internationalization: functions, origins and strategies. Int Bus Rev 14:187–207. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2004.04.008

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison RT, Leitch CM (2005) Entrepreneurial learning: researching the interface between learning and the entrepreneurial context. Enterp Theory Pract 29:351–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Harzing AW (2007) Publish or perish. Available from: http://www.harzing.com/pop.htm

  • Hashai N, Almor T (2004) Gradually internationalizing ‘born global’ firms: an oxymoron? Int Bus Rev 13(4):465–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Hohenthal J (2006) Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in research on international entrepreneurship. J Int Entrep 4(4):175–190. doi:10.1007/s10843-007-0010-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Holcomb TR, Ireland RD, Holmes RM Jr, Hitt MA (2009) Architecture of entrepreneurial learning: exploring the link among heuristics, knowledge, and action. Enterp Theory Pract 33(1):167–192. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00285.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes M, Martin SL, Morgan RE, Robson MJ (2010) Realizing product-market advantage in high technology international new venture: the mediating role of ambidextrous innovation. J Int Mark 18(4):1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurmerinta-PeltomÄki L (2003) Time and internationalisation: theoretical challenges set by rapid internationalisation. J Int Entrep 1(2):217–236. doi:10.1023/a:1023856302314

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson K, Quinn B, Alexander N (2005) Internationalization of small to medium size retail companies: towards a conceptual framework. J Mark Manag 21:149–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibeh KIN (2003) Toward a contingency framework of export entrepreneurship: conceptualisations and empirical evidence. Small Bus Econ 20(1):49

    Google Scholar 

  • Ireland RD, Hitt MA, Camp SM, Sexton DL (2001) Integrating entrepreneurship and strategic managment actions to create firm wealth. Acad Manag Exec 15(1):49–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen A, Puumalainen K, Saarenketo S, Kylaheiko K (2005) Entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capabilities and international performance. J Int Entrep 3:223–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantunen A, Nummela N, Puumalainen K, Saarenketo S (2008) Strategic orientations of born globals—do they really matter? J World Bus 43(2):158–170. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2007.11.015

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson J, Mattson LG (1988) Internationalization in industrial systems—a network approach. In: Hood N, Vahlne JE (eds) Strategies in global competition. Croom Helm, NY, pp 287–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson J, Vahlne J (1977) The internationalization of the firm—a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. J Int Bus Stud 8(1):23–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson J, Vahlne J (2003) Business relationship learning and commitment in the internationalization process. J Int Entrep 1:83–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson J, Vahlne J (2006) Commitment and opportunity development in the internationalization process: a note on the Uppsala internationalization process model. Manag Int Rev 46:165–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Johanson J, Vahlne J-E (2009) The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: from liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. J Int Bus Stud 40(9):1411–1431. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.24

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones MV (1999) The internationalization of small high-technology firms. J Int Mark 7(4):15–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones MV, Coviello NE (2005) Internationalization: conceptualising an entrepreneurial process behaviour in time. J Int Bus Stud 36(3):284–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones MV, Coviello N, Tang Y (2011) International entrepreneurship research (1989–2009): a domain ontology and thematic analysis. J Bus Ventur 26:632–659

    Google Scholar 

  • Julian CC (2003) Export marketing performance: a study of Thailand firms. J Small Bus Manag 41(2):213–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Julien P-A, Ramangalahy C (2003) Competitive strategy and performance of exporting SMEs: an empirical investigation of the impact of their export information search and competencies. Enterp Theory Pract 27(3):227–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalantaridis C (2004) Internationalization, strategic behavior, and the small firm: a comparative investigation. J Small Bus Manag 42(3):245–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Karagozoglu N, Lindell M (1998) Internationalization of small and medium-sized technology-based firms: an exploratory study. J Small Bus Manag 36(1):44–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Karra N, Phillips N, Tracey P (2008) Building the born global firm developing entrepreneurial capabilities for international new venture success. Long Range Plann 41(4):440–458. doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2008.05.002

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz RL (1974) Skills of an effective administrator. Harv Bus Rev 52(5):90

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz J, Gartner WB (1988) Properties of emerging organizations. Acad Manag Rev 13:429–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Keen C, Wu Y (2011) An ambidextrous learning model for the internationalization of firms from emerging economies. J Int Entrep 9(4):316–339. doi:10.1007/s10843-011-0081-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Keupp MM, Gassmann O (2009) The past and the future of international entrepreneurship: a review and suggestions for developing the field. J Manag 35(3):600–633. doi:10.1177/0149206308330558

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim WC, Mauborgne R (2004) Value innovation. Harv Bus Rev 82(7/8):172–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirzner IM (1999) Creativity and/or alertness: a reconsideration of the Schumpeterian entrepreneur. Rev Aust Econ 11(1):5–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiss AN, Danis WM (2008) Country institutional context, social networks, and new venture internationalization speed. Eur Manag J 26(6):388–399

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiss AN, Danis WM (2010) Social networks and speed of new venture internationalization during institutional transition: a conceptual model. J Int Entrep 8(3):273–287. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0051-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight GA (2000) Entrepreneurship and marketing strategy: the SME under globalization. J Int Mark 8(2):12–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight GA, Cavusgil ST (2004) Innovation, organizational capabilities and the born-global firm. J Int Bus Stud 35(2):124–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight GA, Kim D (2009) International business competence and the contemporary firm. J Int Bus Stud 40(2):255–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen T, Madsen TK (2002) Export strategy: a dynamic capabilities perspective. Scand J Manag 18(4):475

    Google Scholar 

  • Ko S, Butler JE (2007) Creativity: a key link to entrepreneurial behavior. Bus Horiz 50(5):365–372

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocak A, Abimbola T (2009) The effects of entrepreneurial marketing on born global performance. Int Mark Rev 26(4/5):439–452. doi:10.1108/02651330910971977

    Google Scholar 

  • Kogut B, Zander U (1992) Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organ Sci 3:383–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb DA, Boyatzis RE, Mainemelis C (2001) Perspectives on thinking, learning, and cognitive styles. In: Sternberg RJZ, Li-fang (eds) Perspectives on thinking, learning, and cognitive styles. Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, pp 227–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Kontinen T, Ojala A (2010) The internationalization of family businesses: a review of extant research. J Family Bus Strateg 1(2):97–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Kontinen T, Ojala A (2011) Social capital in relation to the foreign market entry and post-entry operations of family SMEs. J Int Entrep 9(2):133–151. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0072-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Kropp F, Lindsay NJ, Shoham A (2006) Entrepreneurial, market, and learning orientations and international entrepreneurial—business venture performance in South African firms. Int Mark Rev 23(5):504–523. doi:10.1108/02651330610703427

    Google Scholar 

  • Krueger NF, Reilly MD, Carsrud AL (2000) Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. J Bus Ventur 15(5):411–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuemmerle W (2002) Home base and knowledge management in international ventures. J Bus Ventur 17(2):99

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhlmeier D, Knight GA (2010) The critical role of relationship quality in small and medium-sized enterprise internationalization. J Glob Mark 23(1):16–32. doi:10.1080/08911760903439636

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuivalainen O, Sundqvist S (2007) Profitability of rapid internationalization: the relationship between internationalization intensity and firms’ export performance. J Euromark 16(1):59–69. doi:10.1300/J037v16n01_05

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuivalainen O, Lindqvist J, Saarenketo S, Aijo T (2007a) International growth of Finnish software firms: starting points, pathways and outcomes. J Euromark 16(1):7–22. doi:10.1300/J037v16n01_02

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuivalainen O, Sundqvist S, Servais P (2007b) Firm’s degree of born-globalness, international entrepreneurial orientation and export performance. J World Bus 42:253–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuivalainen O, Puumalainen K, Sintonen S, Kyläheiko K (2010) Organisational capabilities and internationalisation of the small and medium-sized information and communications technology firms. J Int Entrep 8(2):135–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Kundu SK, Katz JA (2003) Born-international SMEs: bi-level impacts of resources and intentions. Small Bus Econ 20(1):25

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb PW, Liesch PW (2002) The internationalization process of the smaller firm: re-framing the relationships between market commitment, knowledge and involvement. Manag Int Rev (MIR) 42(1):7–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonidou LC (2004) An analysis of the barriers hindering small business export development. J Small Bus Manag 42(3):279–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Lepak DP, Smith KG, Taylor MS (2007) Value creation and value capture: a multilevel perspective. Acad Manage Rev 32(1):180–194. doi:10.5465/amr.2007.23464011

    Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Dan L, Dalgic T (2004) Internationalization process of small and medium-sized enterprises: toward a hybrid model of experiential learning and planning. Manag Int Rev (MIR) 44(1):93–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Xiao W, Huang X (2008) Bounded entrepreneurship and internationalisation of indigenous Chinese private-owned firms. Int Bus Rev 17(4):488–508

    Google Scholar 

  • Loane S (2005) The role of the internet in the internationalisation of small and medium sized companies. J Int Entrep 3(4):263–277. doi:10.1007/s10843-006-7855-y

    Google Scholar 

  • Loane S, Bell J (2006) Rapid internationalisation among entrepreneurial firms in Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand: an extension to the network approach. Int Mark Rev 23(5):467–485. doi:10.1108/02651330610703409

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez LE, Kundu SK, Ciravegna L (2008) Born global or born regional? Evidence from an exploratory study in the Costa Rican software industry. J Int Bus Stud 40(7):1228–1238. doi:10.1057/jibs.2008.69

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu JW, Beamish PW (2001) The internationalization and performance of SME’s. Strat Manag J 22:565–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu JW, Beamish PW (2006) SME internationalization and performance: growth vs. profitability. J Int Entrep 4(1):27–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Zhou L, Bruton G, Li W (2010) Capabilities as a mediator linking resources and the international performance of entrepreneurial firms in an emerging economy. J Int Bus Stud 41(3):419–436. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.73

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumpkin GT, Dess GG (1996) Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Acad Manage Rev 21(1):135–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumpkin GT, Hills GE, Shrader R (2004) Opportunity recognition. In: Welsch HP (ed) Entrepreneurship: the way ahead. Psychology Press, New York. pp. 73–90

  • Madsen TK, Servais P (1997) The internationalization of born globals: an evolutionary process? Int Bus Rev 6(6):561

    Google Scholar 

  • Majocchi A, Zucchella A (2003) Internationalization and performance findings from a set of Italian SME’s. Int Small Bus J 21(3):249–268. doi:10.1177/02662426030213001

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra N, Hinings CR (2009) An organizational model for understanding internationalization processes. J Int Bus Stud 41(2):330–349. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.75

    Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra NK, Ulgado FM, Agarwal J (2003) Internationalization and entry modes: a multitheoretical framework and research propositions. J Int Mark 11(4):1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Markman GD (2006) Entrepreneurs’ competencies. In: Baum JR, Frese M, Baron RA (eds) The psychology of entrepreneurship. Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, pp xxxi–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin OM, Papadopoulos N (2007) Internationalization and performance: evidence from Spanish firms. J Euromark 16(1):87–103. doi:10.1300/J037v16n01_07

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathews JA, Zander I (2007) The international entrepreneurial dynamics of accelerated internationalisation. J Int Bus Stud 38(3):387–403. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400271

    Google Scholar 

  • McAuley A (1999) Entrepreneurial instant exporters in the Scottish arts and crafts sector. J Int Mark 7(4):67–82

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall PP (1989) International versus domestic entrepreneurship: new venture strategic behaviour and industry structure. J Bus Ventur 4:387–400

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall PP, Oviatt BM (1996) New venture internationalization, strategic change, and performance: a follow up study. J Bus Ventur 11:23–40

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall PP, Oviatt BM (2000) International entrepreneurship: the intersection of two research paths. Acad Manage J 43(5):902–906

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall PP, Shane S, Oviatt BM (1994) Explaining the formation of international new ventures: the limits of theories from international business research. J Bus Ventur 9(6):469–487

    Google Scholar 

  • McDougall PP, Oviatt BM, Shrader RC (2003) A comparison of international and domestic new ventures. J Int Entrep 1(1):59–82

    Google Scholar 

  • McGee JE, Peterson M, Mueller SL, Sequeira JM (2009) Entrepreneurial self efficacy: refining the measure. Enterp Theory Pract 33(4):965–988

    Google Scholar 

  • McNaughton RB (2003) The number of export markets that a firm serves: process models versus the born-global phenomenon. J Int Entrep 1(3):297–311. doi:10.1023/a:1024114907150

    Google Scholar 

  • Mejri K, Umemoto K (2010) Small and medium-sized enterprise internationalization: towards the knowledge-based model. J Int Entrep 8(2):156–167. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0058-6

    Google Scholar 

  • Melén S, Nordman ER (2009) The internationalisation modes of born globals: a longitudinal study. Eur Manag J 27(4):243–254. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2008.11.004

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael Geringer J, Beamish PW, DaCosta RC (1989) Diversification strategy and internationalization: implications for MNE performance. Strat Manag J 10(2):109–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Michailova S, Wilson H (2008) Small firm internationalization through experiential learning: the moderating role of socialization tactics. J World Bus 43(2):243–254. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2007.11.002

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller D, Friesen PH (1978) Archetypes of strategy formulation. Manag Sci 24(9):921–933

    Google Scholar 

  • Minniti M, Bygrave W (2001) A dynamic model of entreneurial learning. Enterp Theory Pract 25(Spring): 6–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Moen O (2002) The born globals: a new generation of small European exporters. Int Mark Rev 19(2):156–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Moen O, Servais P (2002) Born global or gradual global? Examining the export behavior of small and medium-sized enterprises. J Int Mark 10(3):49–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran P, Ghoshal S (1996) Value creation by firms. 1996/08//1996. Acad Manag 41–45. doi:10.5465/ambpp.1996.4978175

  • Mort G, Weerawardena J (2006) Networking capability and international entrepreneurship: how networks function in Australian born global firms. Int Mark Rev 23(5):549–572. doi:10.1108/02651330610703445

    Google Scholar 

  • Mort G, Weerawardena J, Liesch P (2012) Advancing entrepreneurial marketing: evidence from born global firms. Eur J Mark 46(3):542–561

    Google Scholar 

  • Mostafa R, Wheeler C, Jones MV (2005) Entrepreneurial orientation, commitment to the internet and export performance in small and medium sized exporting firms. J Int Entrep 3(4):291–302. doi:10.1007/s10843-006-7857-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Mtigwe B (2006) Theoretical milestones in international business: the journey to international entrepreneurship theory. J Int Entrep 4(1):5–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudambi R, Zahra SA (2007) The survival of international new ventures. J Int Bus Stud 38:333–352. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400264

    Google Scholar 

  • Musteen M, Francis J, Datta DK (2010) The influence of international networks on internationalization speed and performance: a study of Czech SMEs. J World Bus 45(3):197–205. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2009.12.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Muzychenko O (2008) Cross-cultural entrepreneurial competence in identifying international business opportunities. Eur Manag J 26(6):366–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahapiet J, Ghoshal S (1998) Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage. Acad Manage Rev 23:242–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Noblit GW, Hare RD (1988) Meta-ethnography: synthesising qualitative studies. Sage, Newbury Park

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordman ER, Melen S (2008) The impact of different kinds of knowledge for the internationalization process of born globals in the biotech business. J World Bus 43(2):171–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Nummela N, Welch C (2006) Qualitative research methods in international entrepreneurship: introduction to the special issue. J Int Entrep 4(4):133–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Nummela N, Saarenketo S, Puumalainen K (2004) A global mindset a prerequisite for successful internationalization? Can J Adm Sci (Can J Adm Sci) 21(1):51–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Nummela N, Puumalainen K, Saarenketo S (2005) International growth orientation of knowledge-intensive SME’s. J Int Entrep 3(1):5–18

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Cass A, Weerawardena J (2009) Examining the role of international entrepreneurship, innovation and international market performance in SME internationalisation. Eur J Mark 43(11/12):1325–1348

    Google Scholar 

  • Ojala A (2009) Internationalization of knowledge-intensive SMEs: the role of network relationships in the entry to a psychically distant market. Int Bus Rev 18(1):50–59. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2008.10.002

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt BM, McDougall PP (1994) Toward a theory of international new ventures. J Int Bus Stud 25(1):45–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt BM, McDougall PP (1995) Global start-ups: entrepreneurs on a worldwide stage. Acad Manag Exec 9(2):30–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt BM, McDougall PP (2005a) Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of internationalization. Enterp Theory Pract 22:537–553

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt BM, McDougall PP (2005b) The internationalization of entrepreneurship. J Int Bus Stud 36:2–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Oviatt BM, McDougall PP (2005c) Toward a theory of international new ventures. J Int Bus Stud 36(1):29–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Pajunen K, Maunula M (2008) Internationalisation: a co-evolutionary perspective. Scand J Manag 24(3):247–258. doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2008.02.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Pangarkar N (2008) Internationalization and performance of small- and medium-sized enterprises. J World Bus 43(4):475–485. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2007.11.009

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos N, Martín Martín O (2010) Toward a model of the relationship between internationalization and export performance. Int Bus Rev 19(4):388–406. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.02.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng MW (2001) The resource-based view and international business. J Manag 27:803–829

    Google Scholar 

  • Perks KJ, Hughes M (2008) Entrepreneurial decision making in internationalization: propositions from mid-size firms. Int Bus Rev 17:310–330. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2007.10.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinho JC, Martins L (2010) Exporting barriers: insights from Portuguese small- and medium-sized exporters and non-exporters. J Int Entrep 8(3):254–272. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0046-x

    Google Scholar 

  • Pla-Barber J, Escribá-Esteve A (2006) Accelerated internationalisation: evidence from a late investor country. Int Mark Rev 23(3):255–278. doi:10.1108/02651330610670442

    Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff PM, Mackenzie SB, Bachrach DG, Podsakoff NP (2005) The influence of management journals in the 1980s and 1990s. Strat Manag J 26(5):473–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope RA (2002) Why small firms export: another look. J Small Bus Manag 40(1):17–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Prahalad CK, Ramaswamy V (2004) Co creation experiences: the next practice in value creation. J Interact Mark 18(3):5–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Prange C, Verdier S (2011) Dynamic capabilities, internationalization processes and performance. J World Bus 46(1):126–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Prashantham S (2005) Toward a knowledge-based conceptualization of internationalization. J Int Entrep 3(1):37–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Prashantham S (2008a) The internationalization of small firms. Routledge, Oxon

    Google Scholar 

  • Prashantham S (2008b) New venture internationalization as strategic renewal. Eur Manag J 26(6):378–387. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2008.09.005

    Google Scholar 

  • Prashantham S, Dhanaraj C (2010) The dynamic influence of social capital on the international growth of new ventures. J Manag Stud 47(6):967–994. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00904.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Prashantham S, Young S (2011) Post-entry speed of international new ventures. Enterp Theory Pract 35:275–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Rae D, Carswell M (2001) Towards a conceptual understanding of entrepreneurial learning. J Small Bus Enterp Dev 8(2):150–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussan ES, Madsen TK, Evangelista F (2001) The founding of the born global company in Denmark and Australia: sensemaking and networking. Asia Pac J Mark Logist 13(3):75–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Rennie MW (1993) Born global. McKinsey Q 4:45–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuber AR, Fischer E (1997) The influence of the management team’s international experience on the internationalization behaviors of SMEs. J Int Bus Stud 28(4):807–825

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuber AR, Fischer E (2002) Foreign sales and small firm growth: the moderating role of the management team. Enterp Theory Pract 27(1):29–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Rialp A, Rialp J (2007) Faster and more successful exporters: an exploratory study of born global firms from the resource-based view. J Euromark 16(1):71–86. doi:10.1300/J037v16n01_06

    Google Scholar 

  • Rialp A, Rialp J, Knight GA (2005a) The phenomenon of early internationalizing firms: what do we know after a decade (1993–2003) of scientific inquiry? Int Bus Rev 14:147–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Rialp A, Rialp J, Urbano D, Vaillant Y (2005b) The born-global phenomenon: a comparative case study research. J Int Entrep 3(2):133–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Rialp-Criado A, Galván-Sánchez I, Suárez-Ortega SM (2010) A configuration-holistic approach to born-global firms’ strategy formation process. Eur Manag J 28(2):108–123. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2009.05.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Ring PS, Van De Ven AH (1994) Developmental processes of cooperative interorganizational relationships. Acad Manage Rev 19(1):90–118. doi:10.5465/amr.1994.9410122009

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripollés M, Blesa A (2012) International new ventures as “small multinationals”: the importance of marketing capabilities. J World Bus 47:277–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Ripollés-Meliá M, Menguzzato-Boulard M, Sánchez-Peinado L (2007) Entrepreneurial orientation and international commitment. J Int Entrep 5(3):65–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Robson PJA, Haugh HM, Obeng BA (2009) Entrepreneurship and innovation in Ghana: enterprising Africa. J Int Entrep 32:331–350. doi:10.1007/s11187-008-9121-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth K (1995) Managing international interdependence: CEO characteristics in resource-based framework. Acad Manage J 38(1):200–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruokonen M, Nummela N, Puumalainen K, Saarenketo S (2008) Market orientation and Internationalisation in small software firms. Eur J Mark 42(11/12):1294–1315. doi:10.1108/03090560810903682

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruzzier M, Hisrich RD, Antoncic B (2006) SME internationalization research: past, present, and future. J Small Bus Enterp Dev 13(4):476–497

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruzzier M, Antoncic B, Hisrich R (2007a) The internationalization of SMEs: developing and testing a multi-dimensional measure on Slovenian firms. Entrep Reg Dev 19(2):161–183. doi:10.1080/08985620601137646

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruzzier M, Antoncic B, Hisrich RD, Konecnik M (2007b) Human capital and SME internationalization: a structural equation modeling study. Can J Adm Sci/Rev Can Sci Adm 24(1):15–29. doi:10.1002/cjas.3

    Google Scholar 

  • Sainio L, Saarenketo S, Nummela N, Erikson T (2011) Value creation of an internationalizing entrepreneurial firm: the business model perspective. J Small Bus Enterp Dev 18(3):556–570

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos V, García T (2011) Business motivation and informational needs in internationalization. J Int Entrep 9(3):195–212. doi:10.1007/s10843-011-0077-y

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapienza HJ, Autio E, George G, Zahra SA (2006) A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Acad Manage Rev 31(4):914–933

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarasvathy SD (2001) Causation and effectuation: toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Acad Manage Rev 26(2):243–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasi V, Arenius P (2008) International new ventures and social networks: advantage or liability? Eur Manag J 26(6):400–411. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2008.09.008

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer R, Vahlne J-E, Johanson J (2010) Internationalization as an entrepreneurial process. J Int Entrep 8(4):343–370. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0064-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwens C, Kabst R (2009a) Early internationalization: a transaction cost economics and structural embeddedness perspective. J Int Entrep 7(4):323–340. doi:10.1007/s10843-009-0043-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwens C, Kabst R (2009b) How early opposed to late internationalizers learn: experience of others and paradigms of interpretation. Int Bus Rev 18(5):509–522. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.06.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwens C, Kabst R (2011) Internationalization of young technology firms: a complementary perspective on antecedents of foreign market familiarity. Int Bus Rev 20(1):60–74. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.06.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Servais P, Zucchella A, Palamara G (2007) International entrepreneurship and sourcing: international value chain of small firms. J Euromark 16(1):105–117. doi:10.1300/J037v16n01_08

    Google Scholar 

  • Shane S, Venkataraman S (2000) The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Acad Manage Rev 25(1):217–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma DD, Blomstermo A (2003a) A critical review of time in the internationalization process of firms. J Glob Mark 16(4):53–71. doi:10.1300/J042v16n04_04

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma DD, Blomstermo A (2003b) The internationalization process of born globals: a network view. Int Bus Rev 12(6):739–753. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2003.05.002

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw V, Darroch J (2004) Barriers to internationalisation: a study of entrepreneurial new ventures in New Zealand. J Int Entrep 2(4):327–343

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd DA (1999) Venture capitalists’ assessment of new venture survival. Manag Sci 45:621–632

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd DA, DeTienne DR (2005) Prior knowledge, potential financial reward, and opportunity identification. Enterp Theory Pract 29(1):91–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Shrader RC, Oviatt BM, McDougall PP (2000) How new ventures exploit trade-offs among international risk factors: lessons for the accelerated internationalization of the 21st century. Acad Manage J 43(6):1227–1247

    Google Scholar 

  • Solberg CA, Durrieu F (2006) Access to networks and commitment to internationalisation as precursors to marketing strategies in international markets. Manag Int Rev (MIR) 46(1):57–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer L (2010) Internationalization processes of small and medium-sized enterprises—a matter of attitude? J Int Entrep 8(3):288–317. doi:10.1007/s10843-010-0052-z

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence M, Crick D (2006) A comparative investigation into the internationalisation of Canadian and UK high-tech SMEs. Int Mark Rev 23(5):524–548. doi:10.1108/02651330610703436

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence M, Orser B, Riding A (2011) A comparative study of international and domestic new ventures. Manag Int Rev 51(1):3–21. doi:10.1007/s11575-010-0065-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Steen JT, Liesch PW (2007) A note on Penrosean growth, resource bundles and the Uppsala model of internationalisation. Manag Int Rev (MIR) 47(2):193–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Stoltz PG (1997) Adversity quotient: turning obstacles into opportunities. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Styles C, Gray S (2006) Advancing research in international entrepreneurship. Int Mark Rev 23:461–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Styles C, Seymour RG (2006) Opportunities for marketing researchers in international entrepreneurship. Int Mark Rev 23(2):126–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Szyliowicz D, Galvin T (2010) Applying broader strokes: extending institutional perspectives and agendas for international entrepreneurship research. Int Bus Rev 19(4):317–332. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2010.01.002

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahai A, Meyer MJ (1999) A revealed preference study of management journals’ direct influences. Strat Manag J 20(3):279

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan A, Brewer P, Liesch P (2007) Before the first export decision: internationalisation readiness in the pre-export phase. Int Bus Rev 16(3):294–309. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2007.01.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor M, Jack R (2012) Understanding the pace, scale and pattern of firm internationalization: an extension of the ‘born global’ concept. Int Small Bus J. doi:10.1177/0266242611431992

  • Teece DJ (2007) Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strat Manag J 28(13):1319–1350

    Google Scholar 

  • Thai M, Chong L (2008) Born-global: the case of four Vietnamese SMEs. J Int Entrep 6(2):72–100. doi:10.1007/s10843-008-0021-y

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas AS, Mueller SL (2000) A case for comparative entrepreneurship assessing the relevance of culture. J Int Bus Stud 31(2):287–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolstoy D (2010) Network development and knowledge creation within the foreign market: a study of international entrepreneurial firms. Entrep Reg Dev 22(5):379–402. doi:10.1080/08985620903168273

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolstoy D, Agndal H (2010) Network resource combinations in the international venturing of small biotech firms. Technovation 30(1):24–36. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2009.06.004

    Google Scholar 

  • Tranfield D, Denyer D, Smart P (2003) Towards a methodology for developing evidence–informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. Br J Manag 14(3):207–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai W, Ghoshal S (1998) Social capital and value creation: the role of intrafirm networks. Acad Manage J 41(4):464–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuppura A, Saarenketo S, Puumalainen K, Jantunen A, Kyläheiko K (2008) Linking knowledge, entry timing and internationalization strategy. Int Bus Rev 17(4):473–487

    Google Scholar 

  • Turan M, Kara A (2007) An exploratory study of characteristics and attributes of Turkish entrepreneurs: a cross-country comparison to Irish entrepreneurs. J Int Entrep 5(1):25–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Turcan R (2011) Toward a theory of international new venture survivability. J Int Entrep 9(3):213–232. doi:10.1007/s10843-011-0075-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Vachani S (1991) Distinguishing between related and unrelated international geographic diversification: a comprehensive measure of global diversification. J Int Bus Stud 22:307–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Venkataraman S (1997) The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Adv Entrep, Firm Emergence Growth 3:119–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Vila N, Kuster I (2008) Success and internationalization: analysis of the textile sector. J Glob Mark 21(2):109–125. doi:10.1080/08911760802135178

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward TB (2004) Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship. J Bus Ventur 19(2):173–188. doi:10.1016/s0883-9026(03)00005-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Weed M (2008) A Potential method for the interpretive synthesis of qualitative research: Issues in the development of ‘meta-interpretation’. Int J Soc Res Methodol 11(1):13–28. doi:10.1080/13645570701401222

    Google Scholar 

  • Weerawardena J, Mort G, Liesch P, Knight GA (2007) Conceptualizing accelerated internationalization in the born global firm: a dynamic capabilities perspective. J World Bus 42(3):294–306. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2007.04.004

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch CL, Welch LS (2004) Broadening the concept of international entrepreneurship: internationalisation, networks and politics. J Int Entrep 2(3):217–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch CL, Welch LS (2009) Re-internationalisation: exploration and conceptualisation. Int Bus Rev 18(6):567–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Wennberg K, Holmquist C (2008) Problemistic search and international entrepreneurship. Eur Manag J 26(6):441–454. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2008.09.007

    Google Scholar 

  • Westhead P, Wright M, Ucbasaran D (2001) The internationalization of new and small firms: a resource-based view. J Bus Ventur 16:333–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasekera R, Oczkowski E (2004) Key determinants of the stage of internationalisation of Australian wineries. Asia Pac J Manag 21(4):425–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickramasekera R, Oczkowski E (2006) Stage models re-visited: a measure of the stage of internationalisation of a firm. Manag Int Rev 46(1):39–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiklund J, Patzelt H, Shepherd DA (2007) Building an integrative model of small business growth. Small Bus Econ 32(4):351–374. doi:10.1007/s11187-007-9084-8

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams D (2011) Impact of firm size and age on the export behaviour of small locally owned firms: fresh insights. J Int Entrep 9(2):152–174. doi:10.1007/s10843-011-0073-2

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff JA, Pett TL (2000) Internationalization of small firms: an examination of export competitive patterns, firm size, and export performance. J Small Bus Manag 38(2):34–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright RW, Dana L-P (2003) Changing paradigms of international entrepreneurship strategy. J Int Entrep 1(1):135–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright M, Westhead P, Ucbasaran D (2007) Internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and international entrepreneurship a critique and policy implications. Reg Stud 41(7):1013–1029. doi:10.1080/00343400601120288

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamakawa Y, Peng MW, Deeds DL (2008) What drives new ventures to internationalize from emerging to developed economies? Enterp Theory Pract 32(1):59–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung HW (2002) Entrepreneurship and the internationalization of Asian firms—an institutional perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cornwall

    Google Scholar 

  • Yip GS, Biscarri JG, Monti JA (2000) The role of the internationalization process in the performance of newly internationalizing firms. J Int Mark 8(3):10–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Yli-Renko H, Autio E (1998) The network embeddedness of new, technology-based firms: developing a systemic evolution model. Small Bus Econ 11:253–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Yli-Renko H, Autio E, Tontti V (2002) Social capital, knowledge, and the international growth of technology-based new firms. Int Bus Rev 11:279–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Young S, Dimitratos P, Dana L-P (2003) International entrepreneurship research: what scope for international business theories? J Int Entrep 1(1):31–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Zafarullah M, Ali M, Young S (1997) The internationalization of the small firm in developing countries—exploratory research from Pakistan. J Glob Mark 11(3):21–40. doi:10.1300/J042v11n03_03

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra SA (2003) International expansion of U.S. manufacturing family businesses: the effect of ownership and involvement. J Bus Ventur 18(4):495–512. doi:10.1016/s0883-9026(03)00057-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra SA (2005) A theory of international new ventures: a decade of research. J Int Bus Stud 36(1):20–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra SA, George G (2002) International entrerpeneurship: the current status of the field and future agenda. In: Hitt MA, Ireland RD, Camp SM, Sexton DL (eds) Strategic entrepreneurship: creating a new mindset. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, pp 256–288

  • Zahra SA, Hayton J (2008) The effect of international venturing on firm performance: the moderating influence of absorptive capacity. J Bus Ventur 23(2):195–220. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.01.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra SA, Ireland RD, Hitt MA (2000) International expansion by new venture firms: international diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning and performance. Acad Manage J 43(5):925–950

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra SA, Cloninger P, Yu FJ, Choi Y (2004) Emerging research issues in international entrepreneruship. In: Dana L (ed) Handbook of research on international entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Glos

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra SA, Korri J, Yu J (2005) Cognition and international entrepreneurship: implications for research on international opportunity recognition and exploitation. Int Bus Rev 14(2):129–146. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2004.04.005

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra SA, Neubaum DO, Naldi L (2007) The effects of ownership and governance on SMEs international knowledge-based resources. Small Bus Econ 29(3):309–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Zain M, Ng SI (2006) The impact of network relationships on SME’s internationalization process. Thunderbird Int Bus Rev 48(2):183–205. doi:10.1002/tie.20092

    Google Scholar 

  • Zarei B, Nasseri H, Tajeddin M (2011) Best practice network business model for internationalization of small and medium enterprises. J Int Entrep 9(4):299–315. doi:10.1007/s10843-011-0080-3

    Google Scholar 

  • Zettinig P, Bensonrea M (2008) What becomes of international new ventures? A coevolutionary approach. Eur Manag J 26(6):354–365. doi:10.1016/j.emj.2008.09.009

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Dodgson M (2007) “A roasted duck can still fly away”: a case study of technology, nationality, culture and the rapid and early internationalization of the firm. J World Bus 42(3):336–349. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2007.04.005

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Tansuhaj P, McCullough J (2009) International entrepreneurial capability: the measurement and a comparison between born global firms and traditional exporters in China. J Int Entrep 7(4):292–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou L (2007) The effects of entrepreneurial proclivity and foreign market knowledge on early internationalization. J World Bus 42(3):281–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou L, W-p W, Luo X (2007) Internationalization and the performance of born-global SMEs: the mediating role of social networks. J Int Bus Stud 38(4):673–690. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400282

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou L, Barnes BR, Lu Y (2010) Entrepreneurial proclivity, capability upgrading and performance advantage of newness among international new ventures. J Int Bus Stud 41(5):882–905. doi:10.1057/jibs.2009.87

    Google Scholar 

  • Zucchella A, Scabini P (2007) International entrepreneurship: theoretical foundations and practices. Palgrave Macmillan, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Zucchella A, Palamara G, Denicolai S (2007) The drivers of early internationalization of the firm. J World Bus 42:268–280. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2007.04.008

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the three anonymous reviewers and the editor Hamid Etemad for their insights, helpful comments and suggestions in improving this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand

    Indujeeva K. Peiris, Michèle E. M. Akoorie & Paresha Sinha

Authors
  1. Indujeeva K. Peiris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michèle E. M. Akoorie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paresha Sinha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Indujeeva K. Peiris.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Table 11 Theoretical frameworks
Full size table

Appendix 2: List of authors

Acedo and Florin (2006)

Acedo and Jones (2007)

Agndal and Chetty (2007)

Agndal et al. (2008)

Al-Laham and Souitaris (2008)

Andersen and Buvik (2002)

Anderson et al. (2004)

Andersson (2000, 2004, 2011)

Andersson and Wictor (2003)

Arenius et al. (2005)

Armario et al. (2008)

Arranz and De Arroyabe (2009)

Aspelund et al. (2007)

Autio (2005)

Autio et al. (2011)

Autio et al. (2000)

Axinn and Matthyssens (2002)

Baker et al. (2005)

Barkema and Drogendijk (2007)

Baum et al. (2011a, b)

Bausch and Krist (2007)

Bell (1995)

Bell et al. (2001)

Bell et al. (2003)

Bell et al. (2004)

Blesa et al. (2008)

Blomstermo et al. (2004)

Bloodgood et al. (1996)

Boter and Holmquist (1996)

Brettel et al. (2009)

Brouthers and Nakos (2005)

Brouthers et al. (2009)

Burgel and Murray (2000)

Burpitt and Rondinelli (2000)

Butler et al. (2010)

Buttriss and Wilkinson (2006)

Cadogan et al. (2009)

Calof and Beamish (1995)

Cassiman and Golovko (2010)

Chandra and Coviello (2010)

Chandra et al. (2009)

Chandra et al. (2012)

Che Senik et al. (2011)

Cheng and Yu (2008)

Chetty and Agndal (2007, 2008)

Chetty and Cambell-Hunt (2003a, b, 2004)

Chetty and Holm (2000)

Chetty and Stangl (2010)

Chiao et al. (2006)

Clercq et al. (2005)

Collinson and Houlden (2005)

Coombs et al. (2009)

Coviello (2006)

Coviello and Cox (2006)

Coviello and Jones (2004)

Coviello and Martin (1999)

Coviello and Munro (1995, 1997)

Crick (2009, 2011)

Crick and Spence (2005)

Dana et al. (2008)

De Chiara and Minguzzi (2002)

Di Gregorio et al. (2008)

Dib et al. (2010)

Dimitratos and Jones (2005)

Dimitratos et al. (2004)

Dimitratos and Plakoyiannaki (2003)

Dimitratos et al. (2010, 2011)

Ellis (2011)

Eren-Erdogmus et al. (2010)

Eriksson et al. (1997, 2000)

Etemad (2004a, b, c)

Etemad and Lee (2003)

Etemad et al. (2010)

Etemad and Wright (1999, 2003)

Evald et al. (2011)

Evangelista (2005)

Evers (2011, 2010)

Evers and Knight (2008)

Evers and O’Gorman (2011)

Fan and Phan (2007)

Fernandez and Nieto (2006)

Fernhaber et al. (2007, 2008)

Filatotchev et al. (2009)

Fillis (2004)

Fink et al. (2008)

Fletcher (2001, 2008)

Fletcher and Prashantham (2011)

Forsgren (2002)

Freeman and Cavusgil (2007)

Freeman et al. (2006, 2010)

Frishammar and Andersson (2009)

Fryges (2009)

Gabrielsson (2005)

Gabrielsson and Gabrielsson (2011)

Gabrielsson and Kirpalani (2004) Gabrielsson et al. (2008)

Gabrielsson and Pelkonen (2008)

Gankema et al. (2000)

Gassmann and Keupp (2007)

Gemser et al. (2004)

Gilbert et al. (2006)

Hadley and Wilson (2003)

Hallback and Larimo (2007)

Han (2006)

Harms and Schiele (2012)

Harris and Wheeler (2005)

Hohenthal (2006)

Hughes et al. (2010)

Hurmerinta-PeltomÄki (2003)

Hutchinson et al. (2005)

Ibeh (2003)

Ireland et al. (2001)

Jantunen et al. (2008, 2005)

Johanson and Vahlne (2003, 2006, 2009)

Jones et al. (2011)

Jones (1999)

Jones and Coviello (2005)

Julian (2003)

Julien and Ramangalahy (2003)

Kalantaridis (2004)

Karagozoglu and Lindell (1998)

Karra et al. (2008)

Keen and Wu (2011)

Keupp and Gassmann (2009)

Kiss and Danis (2008, 2010)

Knight (2000)

Knight and Cavusgil (2004)

Knudsen and Madsen (2002)

Kocak and Abimbola 2009

Kontinen and Ojala (2010, 2011)

Kropp et al. (2006)

Kuemmerle (2002)

Kuhlmeier and Knight (2010)

Kuivalainen et al. (2007a, b, 2010)

Kuivalainen and Sundqvist (2007)

Kundu and Katz (2003)

Lamb and Liesch (2002)

Leonidou (2004)

Li et al. (2004)

Liu et al. (2008)

Loane (2005)

Loane and Bell (2006)

Lopez et al. (2008)

Lu and Beamish (2001, 2006)

Lu et al. (2010)

Madsen and Servais (1997)

Majocchi and Zucchella (2003)

Malhotra and Hinings (2009)

Malhotra et al. (2003)

Martin and Papadopoulos (2007)

Mathews and Zander (2007)

McAuley (1999)

McDougall and Oviatt (1996, 2000)

McDougall et al. (2003)

McDougall et al. (1994)

McNaughton (2003)

Mejri and Umemoto (2010)

Melén and Nordman (2009)

Michailova and Wilson (2008)

Moen (2002)

Moen and Servais (2002)

Mort et al. (2012)

Mort and Weerawardena (2006)

Mostafa et al. (2005)

Mtigwe (2006)

Mudambi and Zahra (2007)

Musteen et al. (2010)

Muzychenko (2008)

Nordman and Melen (2008)

Nummela et al. (2005; 2004)

Nummela and Welch (2006)

O’Cass and Weerawardena (2009)

Ojala (2009)

Oviatt and McDougall (1994, 1995, 2005a, b)

Pajunen and Maunula (2008)

Pangarkar (2008)

Papadopoulos and Martín Martín (2010)

Peng (2001)

Perks and Hughes (2008)

Pinho and Martins (2010)

Pla-Barber and Escribá-Esteve (2006)

Pope (2002)

Prange and Verdier (2011)

Prashantham (2005)

Prashantham (2008b)

Prashantham and Dhanaraj (2010)

Prashantham and Young (2011)

Rennie (1993)

Reuber and Fischer (1997, 2002)

Rialp and Rialp (2007)

Rialp et al. (2005a, b)

Rialp-Criado et al. (2010)

Ripollés and Blesa (2012)

Ripollés-Meliá et al. (2007)

Robson et al. (2009)

Ruokonen et al. (2008)

Ruzzier et al. (2006, 2007a, b)

Sainio et al. (2011)

Santos and García (2011)

Sapienza et al. (2006)

Sasi and Arenius (2008)

Schweizer et al. (2010)

Schwens and Kabst (2009a, b, 2011)

Servais et al. (2007)

Sharma and Blomstermo (2003a, b)

Shaw and Darroch (2004)

Shrader et al. (2000)

Solberg and Durrieu (2006)

Sommer (2010)

Spence and Crick (2006)

Spence et al. (2011)

Steen and Liesch (2007)

Styles and Seymour (2006)

Szyliowicz and Galvin (2010)

Tan et al. (2007)

Taylor and Jack (2012)

Thai and Chong (2008)

Thomas and Mueller (2000)

Tolstoy (2010)

Tolstoy and Agndal (2010)

Tuppura et al. (2008)

Turan and Kara (2007)

Turcan (2011)

Vila and Kuster (2008)

Weerawardena et al. (2007)

Welch and Welch (2004, 2009)

Wennberg and Holmquist (2008)

Westhead et al. (2001)

Wickramasekera and Oczkowski (2004, 2006)

Williams (2011)

Wolff and Pett (2000)

Wright et al. (2007)

Wright and Dana (2003)

Yamakawa et al. (2008)

Yip et al. (2000)

Yli-Renko et al. (2002)

Young et al. (2003)

Zafarullah et al. (1997)

(Zahra 2005, 2003)

Zahra and Hayton (2008)

Zahra et al. (2000)

Zahra et al. (2005)

Zahra et al. (2007)

Zain and Ng (2006)

Zarei et al. (2011)

Zettinig and Bensonrea (2008)

Zhang and Dodgson (2007)

Zhang et al. (2009)

Zhou (2007)

Zhou et al. (2007)

Zhou et al. (2010)

Zucchella et al. (2007)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Peiris, I.K., Akoorie, M.E.M. & Sinha, P. International entrepreneurship: A critical analysis of studies in the past two decades and future directions for research. J Int Entrep 10, 279–324 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-012-0096-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-012-0096-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation