Abstract
Long-term changes in visibility patterns between urban settlements are considered an important factor for understanding Iron Age II settlement locations in Southern Spain. From some settlements, the surrounding landscape and other settlements could be visually controlled, and some settlements are argued to be intervisible to allow for communication through visual signals. However, the study of how these visibility patterns changed in the subsequent Roman period in this region is largely ignored. In this paper, we argue that visibility might still have structured interactions between communities in Roman times and should not be dismissed out of hand merely because more and other data sources are available as compared to the Iron Age. However, the way in which it affected human behaviour might have been different in Roman times as compared to the Iron Age. We argue that simulating archaeologists’ hypotheses about the emergence of inter-settlement visibility is a promising way of understanding such differences. To do this, we use exponential random graph modelling (ERGM), a statistical network simulation modelling technique that allows us to simulate hypotheses about the emergence and long-term change of visibility networks. We combine this approach with an exploratory analysis of the observed visibility networks between identified urban settlements, which will reveal similarities and differences in the changing patterns of visibility networks through time. The results of the ERGMs are then compared with the changes in the observed network structure. We conclude that our knowledge of the changes from the Iron Age II to the Roman settlement pattern suggests only gradual changes in the role of visibility in structuring inter-settlement interactions, possibly followed by a disintegration of the visibility network after the Roman Early Imperial period.
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Notes
Appendix B presents the results of the local exploratory network measures.
The results presented in this section only take into account pairs of nodes that are connected and do not include the many isolated nodes dated to these periods (see Fig. 11). This affects the normalised and averaged results as well as the density and clustering coefficient (note that network density including isolates is also included in the tables). This decision was made to enhance the differences between these measures and to focus this first step of the analysis explicitly on the lines of sight that are present. Isolates are included in the local exploratory network analysis and the ERGMs.
By using the directed density results of the observed networks, it was ensured that all randomly simulated networks have the same directed density, and therefore the same number of nodes and arcs, as the observed networks (although small variations in the number of arcs were allowed due to rounding the density score to four decimal places).
The number of simulations was taken as high as 50 million to have a higher diversity in the distribution of results, which led in most cases to better fits than when only one million simulations were performed. However, the number of samples taken from these simulations (and on the basis of which the significance tests were performed) was not increased beyond the default 1,000 to avoid enforcing significant results.
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Acknowledgments
The ‘Urban Connectivity in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain’ project directed by Prof. Simon Keay and Dr. Graeme Earl was funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) between 2002 and 2005 with subsequent support by the University of Southampton and institutions in Seville, notably the Departamento de Prehistoria I Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla and the Delegación de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía. We would like to thank Cat Cooper for help with the maps, Leticia López Mondéjar for bibliographical suggestions, Matt Peeples for suggestions concerning sensitivity analyses, Iza Romanowska, Mari Carmen Moreno Escobar, Viviana Amati, two peer reviewers and the editors of this special issue for helpful comments on different versions of the manuscript, Pablo Garrido González for expert advice on the study area and Dave Wheatley for his ArcGIS Python script.
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Appendices
Appendices
Appendix A. Sites index: dates, urban status, location, road and river networks
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1.
All 190 sites included in this case study in alphabetical order
The project IDs mentioned here are used in Fig. 2. The ‘municipality’ column lists the modern municipalities in which the sites are located. The urban status and ancient names of sites are provided when known. This list of urban status and ancient names was derived from Keay (1998b), Appendix II, with minor updates and changes. The last five columns show whether we have evidence to believe a site was occupied during a certain period (indicated by ‘1’) or not (indicated by ‘0’)
Site name | Project ID | Municipality | Urban status | Ancient name | Iberian | Republican | Early Imperial | Middle Imperial | Late Imperial |
Alamillo | 2 | Osuna | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Alcalá del Rio | 4 | Alcalá del Rio | Municipium | Ilipa Magna | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Alcalá Morisco | 5 | Osuna | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Alcaudete | 6 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Alcolea del Rio | 7 | Alcolea del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Canama | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almadén de la Plata | 9 | Almadén de la Plata | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Almodovar del Rio | 308 | Almodovar del Rio | Carbula | ||||||
Aparicio el Grande | 11 | Gilena | Unknown | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Arcos de la Frontera | 436 | Arcos de la Frontera | Saudo (temporary) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Atalaya de la Moranilla | 14 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Aznalcazar | 15 | Aznalcazar | Olontigi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Bonanza | 433 | Sanlúcar de Barrameda | Lux Dubia (temporary) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Cagancha | 286 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cañada Real de Morón (IX) | 18 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cañada Real de Morón (VII) | 19 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cañada Real de Morón (VIII) | 20 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cañada Real de Morón (XII) | 21 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cantillana | 23 | Cantillana | Municipium Flavium | Naeva | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Capaparda | 24 | Osuna | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Carmona | 25 | Carmona | Carmo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Casablanca | 28 | Utrera | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Casilla de Barrera | 30 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Castillo de Alhonoz | 34 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Castillo de la Monclova | 153 | Fuentes de Andalucia | Municipium Flavium | Obulcula | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Castillo de Lora | 171 | Lora del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Axati | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Castillo de Luna | 278 | Aznalcollar | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Castillo de Mulva | 35 | Villanueva del Rio y Minas | Municipium Flavium | Munigua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Casulillas | 36 | Arahal (el) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro Barrero (I) | 39 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro Barrero (II) | 40 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro de Atalaya | 41 | Campana (la) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro de la Cabeza | 42 | Santiponce | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro de la Higuera | 43 | Estepa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro de las Cabezas | 46 | Osuna | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro de las Cabezas (Sobarbina) | 233 | Olivares | Laelia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Cerro de las Catorce | 47 | Osuna | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro de las Vacas | 48 | Lebrija | Conobaria | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Cerro de los Ladrillos | 50 | Arahal (el) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro de los Villares | 51 | Estepa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro del Bollo | 303 | Utrera | Unknown | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Cerro del Calvario | 56 | Osuna | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro del Castillo (Gerena) | 58 | Gerena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro del Cincho | 59 | Carmona | Municipium Flavium | Basilippo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Cerro del Manzano | 60 | Osuna | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro del Orégano | 293 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro del Pascualejo | 259 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro del Tesoro | 61 | Luisiana (la) or Ecija?? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro Duran | 62 | Rubio (el) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro Esperilla | 432 | Espera | Cappa | ||||||
Cerro Gordo | 63 | Gilena | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro Macareno | 64 | Rinconada (la) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro Rubio | 65 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerros de San Ignacio | 287 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Chiclana (II) | 68 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Clarebout II | 299 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Constantina | 304 | Constantina | Iporca | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Consuegra | 10 | Osuna | Munda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Córdoba (II) | 70 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Coria del Rio | 71 | Coria del Rio | Caura | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Cortijo Cabeza Del Sordo | 72 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cortijo de Alcofría | 73 | Écija | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cortijo de Carija (Bornos) | 431 | Espera | Municipium | Caris(s)a Aurelia | |||||
Cortijo de Casablanca | 444 | Arcos de la Frontera | Lacca (temporary) | ||||||
Cortijo de los Cosmes | 75 | Écija | Municipium Flavium | Carruca | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Cortijo de los Olivos (VII) | 76 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijo de Repla | 78 | Corrales (los) | Municipium Flavium | Ilipula Minor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cortijo de Torneji Viejo | 79 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijo del Cerro | 80 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijo del Membrillo | 301 | Lora del Rio | |||||||
Cortijo Escalera | 82 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijo Nuevo | 83 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijos del Cerro (II) | 84 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cuevalonga (III) | 85 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Dehesa de las Majadilas | 86 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Doña Mencia | 261 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Donadio (II) | 89 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Écija | 91 | Écija | Colonia | Colonia Augusta Firma Astigi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
El Arenal (II) | 94 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
El Batán | 262 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
El Casar | 95 | Utrera | Municipium Flavium | Salpensa | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
El Castillejo (Arva) | 96 | Alcolea del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Arva | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
El Castillejo (Écija) | 263 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Chiste (II) | 98 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Chiste (V) | 99 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Gandul | 103 | Alcala de Guadaira | Irippo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
El Grullo | 104 | Marchena | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Guijo | 105 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Hachillo | 106 | Lora de Estepa | Olaura | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
El Mocho | 107 | Écija | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Molino Pintado | 108 | Montellano | Callenses Aeneanici | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
El Nuño | 109 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Palomarejo | 201 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Picate | 110 | Palma del Rio | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Santo Siervo | 264 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Turruñuelo | 116 | Peñaflor | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
El Villar | 265 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Ermita de San Antón | 118 | Écija or Carmona? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Estepa | 120 | Estepa | Municipium Flavium | Ostippo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Friíllas | 266 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Garrotal | 267 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Gerena | 122 | Gerena | Ilse | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Hacienda de Quintos | 300 | Dos Hermanas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Haza de las Piedras | 128 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Herrera | 129 | Herrera | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
Huelva | 395 | Huelva | Onuba | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Huerta del Caño | 133 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Isla del Castillo | 136 | Écija | Municipium Flavium | Segovia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
La Alberquilla | 268 | Écija | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
La Alcuza | 269 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
La Atalaya Chica | 139 | Casariche | Municipium Flavium | Ventipo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
La Esclavitud | 142 | Coronil (el) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
La Foronguilla | 143 | Coronil (el) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
La Lombriz Ib | 295 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
La Molina (I) | 152 | Osuna | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
La Platera | 154 | Estepa | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
La Saetilla | 217 | Palma del Rio | Municipium | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
La Torre II | 290 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
La Zorrilla I | 288 | Marchena | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
La Zorrilla II | 289 | Marchena | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Las Aguilillas (I) | 161 | Osuna | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Las Aguzaderas | 162 | Coronil (el) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Las Albaidas (I) | 163 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Las Animas | 270 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Las Cabezas de San Juan | 164 | Las Cabezas de San Juan (las) | Municipium Flavium | Conobaria | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Las Mazmorras | 166 | Morón de la Frontera | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Las Valbuenas | 271 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Lebrija | 167 | Lebrija | Nabrissa Veneria | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Lomas del Castillo | 168 | Puebla de Cazalla (la) | |||||||
Lopera (III) | 169 | Utrera | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Los Abades | 272 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Los Baldios | 172 | Saucejo (el) | Municipium Flavium | Irni | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Los Canterones | 173 | Estepa | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Los Castrejones | 441 | Aznalcollar | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Los Felipes III | 298 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Los Galindos II | 294 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Los Medianos III | 291 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Los Rodeos | 179 | Molares (los) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Malaver | 181 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Marchamorón (I) | 182 | Alcala de Guadaira | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Marchenilla (II) | 184 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Mesa de Lora | 185 | Lora del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Oducia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mesa de Setefilla | 186 | Lora del Rio | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Mesa del Almendro | 93 | Lora del Rio | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Mesas de Asta | 435 | Jerez de la Frontera | Colonia | Hasta Regia (temporary) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mochales | 274 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Molino de Pelay Correa | 188 | Alcala de Guadaira | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Molino Hundido (I) | 189 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Montemolín | 192 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Moranilla | 193 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Morón de la Frontera | 194 | Morón de la Frontera | Lucurgentum Genius Iulii | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Niebla | 306 | Niebla | Ilipula | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Osuna | 199 | Osuna | Colonia | Colonia Genetiva Iulia (urbanorum?) Urso | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Palmilla (I) | 200 | Cabezas de San Juan (las) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Pancorvo | 203 | Montellano | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pavia | 205 | Esacena del Campo or Ecija? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Pedro Cruzado (I) | 206 | Estepa | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pedro Cruzado (II) | 207 | Estepa | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Peñaflor | 208 | Peñaflor | Celti | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Piedra Salmedina | 443 | Rota | Caepionis Turris (temporary) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Piesolo (I) | 209 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Porcún I | 284 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pozo del Carretero | 285 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Qiñones | 212 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Rancho Pozo Blanquillo | 283 | Marchena | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Reinoso | 215 | Écija | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Ruiz Sánchez | 216 | Écija | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
Salinas de la Torre | 218 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
San José | 220 | Morón de la Frontera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
San Juan de Aznalfarache | 222 | San Juan de Aznalfarache | Osset Constantia Iulia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
San Pedro (I) | 223 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
San Pedro (II) | 224 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
San Pedro (VII) | 227 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Sanlucar de Barrameda | 434 | Sanlúcar de Barrameda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Santa Ana | 297 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Santiponce | 230 | Santiponce | Municipium | Colonia Aelia Augusta Itálica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Sevilla | 232 | Sevilla | Colonia | Colonia Iulia Romula Hispalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Sotillo Gallego | 234 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Tablada | 235 | Viso del Alcor (el) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Tarajal | 296 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Tejada la Nueva | 419 | Paterna del Campo | Ancient name? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Tejada La Vieja | 316 | Escacena del Campo | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Tinajuela | 236 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Torre Abad (I) | 239 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Torre de la Membrilla | 240 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Torre de los Herberos | 241 | Dos Hermanas | Municipium | Orippo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Torre del Aguila | 242 | Utrera | Siarum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Torres de Alocaz | 244 | Cabezas de San Juan (las) | Municipium | Ugia Marti | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Vado de Quema | 249 | Aznalcazar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Vico | 445 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Vistalegre I | 292 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
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2.
All 190 sites included in this case study sorted according to their project ID
The project IDs mentioned here are used in Fig. 2. The ‘municipality’ column lists the modern municipalities in which the sites are located. The urban status and ancient names of sites are provided when known. This list of urban status and ancient names was derived from Keay (1998b), Appendix II, with minor updates and changes. The last five columns show whether we have evidence to believe a site was occupied during a certain period (indicated by ‘1’) or not (indicated by ‘0’)
Site name | Project ID | Municipality | Urban status | Ancient name | Iberian | Republican | Early Imperial | Middle Imperial | Late Imperial |
Alamillo | 2 | Osuna | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Alcalá del Rio | 4 | Alcalá del Rio | Municipium | Ilipa Magna | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Alcalá Morisco | 5 | Osuna | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Alcaudete | 6 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Alcolea del Rio | 7 | Alcolea del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Canama | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Almadén de la Plata | 9 | Almadén de la Plata | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Consuegra | 10 | Osuna | Munda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
Aparicio el Grande | 11 | Gilena | Unknown | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Atalaya de la Moranilla | 14 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Aznalcazar | 15 | Aznalcazar | Olontigi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Cañada Real de Morón (IX) | 18 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cañada Real de Morón (VII) | 19 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cañada Real de Morón (VIII) | 20 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cañada Real de Morón (XII) | 21 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cantillana | 23 | Cantillana | Municipium Flavium | Naeva | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Capaparda | 24 | Osuna | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Carmona | 25 | Carmona | Carmo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Casablanca | 28 | Utrera | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Casilla de Barrera | 30 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Castillo de Alhonoz | 34 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Castillo de Mulva | 35 | Villanueva del Rio y Minas | Municipium Flavium | Munigua | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Casulillas | 36 | Arahal (el) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro Barrero (I) | 39 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro Barrero (II) | 40 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro de Atalaya | 41 | Campana (la) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro de la Cabeza | 42 | Santiponce | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro de la Higuera | 43 | Estepa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro de las Cabezas | 46 | Osuna | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro de las Catorce | 47 | Osuna | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro de las Vacas | 48 | Lebrija | Conobaria | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Cerro de los Ladrillos | 50 | Arahal (el) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro de los Villares | 51 | Estepa | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro del Calvario | 56 | Osuna | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro del Castillo (Gerena) | 58 | Gerena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro del Cincho | 59 | Carmona | Municipium Flavium | Basilippo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Cerro del Manzano | 60 | Osuna | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro del Tesoro | 61 | Luisiana (la) or Ecija?? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro Duran | 62 | Rubio (el) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro Gordo | 63 | Gilena | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro Macareno | 64 | Rinconada (la) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro Rubio | 65 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Chiclana (II) | 68 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Córdoba (II) | 70 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Coria del Rio | 71 | Coria del Rio | Caura | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Cortijo Cabeza Del Sordo | 72 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cortijo de Alcofría | 73 | Écija | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cortijo de los Cosmes | 75 | Écija | Municipium Flavium | Carruca | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Cortijo de los Olivos (VII) | 76 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijo de Repla | 78 | Corrales (los) | Municipium Flavium | Ilipula Minor | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cortijo de Torneji Viejo | 79 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijo del Cerro | 80 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijo Escalera | 82 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijo Nuevo | 83 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijos del Cerro (II) | 84 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cuevalonga (III) | 85 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Dehesa de las Majadilas | 86 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Donadio (II) | 89 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Écija | 91 | Écija | Colonia | Colonia Augusta Firma Astigi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mesa del Almendro | 93 | Lora del Rio | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
El Arenal (II) | 94 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
El Casar | 95 | Utrera | Municipium Flavium | Salpensa | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
El Castillejo (Arva) | 96 | Alcolea del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Arva | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
El Chiste (II) | 98 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Chiste (V) | 99 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Gandul | 103 | Alcala de Guadaira | Irippo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
El Grullo | 104 | Marchena | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Guijo | 105 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Hachillo | 106 | Lora de Estepa | Olaura | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
El Mocho | 107 | Écija | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Molino Pintado | 108 | Montellano | Callenses Aeneanici | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
El Nuño | 109 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Picate | 110 | Palma del Rio | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Turruñuelo | 116 | Peñaflor | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Ermita de San Antón | 118 | Écija or Carmona? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Estepa | 120 | Estepa | Municipium Flavium | Ostippo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Gerena | 122 | Gerena | Ilse | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Haza de las Piedras | 128 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Herrera | 129 | Herrera | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
Huerta del Caño | 133 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Isla del Castillo | 136 | Écija | Municipium Flavium | Segovia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
La Atalaya Chica | 139 | Casariche | Municipium Flavium | Ventipo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
La Esclavitud | 142 | Coronil (el) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
La Foronguilla | 143 | Coronil (el) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
La Molina (I) | 152 | Osuna | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Castillo de la Monclova | 153 | Fuentes de Andalucia | Municipium Flavium | Obulcula | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
La Platera | 154 | Estepa | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Las Aguilillas (I) | 161 | Osuna | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Las Aguzaderas | 162 | Coronil (el) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Las Albaidas (I) | 163 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Las Cabezas de San Juan | 164 | Las Cabezas de San Juan (las) | Municipium Flavium | Conobaria | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Las Mazmorras | 166 | Morón de la Frontera | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Lebrija | 167 | Lebrija | Nabrissa Veneria | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Lomas del Castillo | 168 | Puebla de Cazalla (la) | |||||||
Lopera (III) | 169 | Utrera | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Castillo de Lora | 171 | Lora del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Axati | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Los Baldios | 172 | Saucejo (el) | Municipium Flavium | Irni | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Los Canterones | 173 | Estepa | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Los Rodeos | 179 | Molares (los) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Malaver | 181 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Marchamorón (I) | 182 | Alcala de Guadaira | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Marchenilla (II) | 184 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Mesa de Lora | 185 | Lora del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Oducia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mesa de Setefilla | 186 | Lora del Rio | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Molino de Pelay Correa | 188 | Alcala de Guadaira | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Molino Hundido (I) | 189 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Montemolín | 192 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Moranilla | 193 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Morón de la Frontera | 194 | Morón de la Frontera | Lucurgentum Genius Iulii | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Osuna | 199 | Osuna | Colonia | Colonia Genetiva Iulia (urbanorum?) Urso | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Palmilla (I) | 200 | Cabezas de San Juan (las) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Palomarejo | 201 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Pancorvo | 203 | Montellano | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pavia | 205 | Esacena del Campo or Ecija? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Pedro Cruzado (I) | 206 | Estepa | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pedro Cruzado (II) | 207 | Estepa | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Peñaflor | 208 | Peñaflor | Celti | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Piesolo (I) | 209 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Qiñones | 212 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Reinoso | 215 | Écija | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Ruiz Sánchez | 216 | Écija | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
La Saetilla | 217 | Palma del Rio | Municipium | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Salinas de la Torre | 218 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
San José | 220 | Morón de la Frontera | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
San Juan de Aznalfarache | 222 | San Juan de Aznalfarache | Osset Constantia Iulia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
San Pedro (I) | 223 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
San Pedro (II) | 224 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
San Pedro (VII) | 227 | Fuentes de Andalucia | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Santiponce | 230 | Santiponce | Municipium | Colonia Aelia Augusta Itálica | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Sevilla | 232 | Sevilla | Colonia | Colonia Iulia Romula Hispalis | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cerro de las Cabezas (Sobarbina) | 233 | Olivares | Laelia | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Sotillo Gallego | 234 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Tablada | 235 | Viso del Alcor (el) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Tinajuela | 236 | Carmona | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Torre Abad (I) | 239 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Torre de la Membrilla | 240 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Torre de los Herberos | 241 | Dos Hermanas | Municipium | Orippo | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Torre del Aguila | 242 | Utrera | Siarum | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Torres de Alocaz | 244 | Cabezas de San Juan (las) | Municipium | Ugia Marti | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Vado de Quema | 249 | Aznalcazar | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cerro del Pascualejo | 259 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Doña Mencia | 261 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Batán | 262 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
El Castillejo (Écija) | 263 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Santo Siervo | 264 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
El Villar | 265 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Friíllas | 266 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Garrotal | 267 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
La Alberquilla | 268 | Écija | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
La Alcuza | 269 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Las Animas | 270 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Las Valbuenas | 271 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Los Abades | 272 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Mochales | 274 | Écija | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Castillo de Luna | 278 | Aznalcollar | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Rancho Pozo Blanquillo | 283 | Marchena | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Porcún I | 284 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Pozo del Carretero | 285 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cagancha | 286 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerros de San Ignacio | 287 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
La Zorrilla I | 288 | Marchena | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
La Zorrilla II | 289 | Marchena | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
La Torre II | 290 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Los Medianos III | 291 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Vistalegre I | 292 | Alcala de Guadaira | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Cerro del Orégano | 293 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Los Galindos II | 294 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
La Lombriz Ib | 295 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Tarajal | 296 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Santa Ana | 297 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Los Felipes III | 298 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Clarebout II | 299 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Hacienda de Quintos | 300 | Dos Hermanas | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Cortijo del Membrillo | 301 | Lora del Rio | |||||||
Cerro del Bollo | 303 | Utrera | Unknown | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Constantina | 304 | Constantina | Iporca | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Niebla | 306 | Niebla | Ilipula | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Almodovar del Rio | 308 | Almodovar del Rio | Carbula | ||||||
Tejada La Vieja | 316 | Escacena del Campo | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Huelva | 395 | Huelva | Onuba | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Tejada la Nueva | 419 | Paterna del Campo | Ancient name? | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Cortijo de Carija (Bornos) | 431 | Espera | Municipium | Caris(s)a Aurelia | |||||
Cerro Esperilla | 432 | Espera | Cappa | ||||||
Bonanza | 433 | Sanlúcar de Barrameda | Lux Dubia (temporary) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Sanlucar de Barrameda | 434 | Sanlúcar de Barrameda | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Mesas de Asta | 435 | Jerez de la Frontera | Colonia | Hasta Regia (temporary) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Arcos de la Frontera | 436 | Arcos de la Frontera | Saudo (temporary) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Los Castrejones | 441 | Aznalcollar | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Piedra Salmedina | 443 | Rota | Caepionis Turris (temporary) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Cortijo de Casablanca | 444 | Arcos de la Frontera | Lacca (temporary) | ||||||
Vico | 445 | Marchena | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
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3.
All sites with an urban status
Site ID | Site name | Urban status | Ancient name |
4 | Alcalá del Rio | Municipium | Ilipa Magna |
7 | Alcolea del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Canama |
23 | Cantillana | Municipium Flavium | Naeva |
35 | Castillo de Mulva | Municipium Flavium | Munigua |
59 | Cerro del Cincho | Municipium Flavium | Basilippo |
75 | Cortijo de los Cosmes | Municipium Flavium | Carruca |
78 | Cortijo de Repla | Municipium Flavium | Ilipula Minor |
91 | Écija | Colonia | Colonia Augusta Firma Astigi |
95 | El Casar | Municipium Flavium | Salpensa |
96 | El Castillejo (Arva) | Municipium Flavium | Arva |
120 | Estepa | Municipium Flavium | Ostippo |
136 | Isla del Castillo | Municipium Flavium | Segovia |
139 | La Atalaya Chica | Municipium Flavium | Ventipo |
153 | Castillo de la Monclova | Municipium Flavium | Obulcula |
164 | Las Cabezas de San Juan | Municipium Flavium | Conobaria |
171 | Castillo de Lora | Municipium Flavium | Axati |
172 | Los Baldios | Municipium Flavium | Irni |
185 | Mesa de Lora | Municipium Flavium | Oducia |
199 | Osuna | Colonia | Colonia Genetiva Iulia (urbanorum?) Urso |
217 | La Saetilla | Municipium | |
230 | Santiponce | Municipium | Colonia Aelia Augusta Itálica |
232 | Sevilla | Colonia | Colonia Iulia Romula Hispalis |
241 | Torre de los Herberos | Municipium | Orippo |
244 | Torres de Alocaz | Municipium | Ugia Marti |
431 | Cortijo de Carija (Bornos) | Municipium | Caris(s)a Aurelia |
435 | Mesas de Asta | Colonia | Hasta Regia (temporary) |
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4.
Sites on the Via Augusta
Site name | Project ID | Municipality | Urban status | Ancient name |
Carmona | 25 | Carmona | Carmo | |
Écija | 91 | Écija | Colonia | Colonia Augusta Firma Astigi |
Castillo de la Monclova | 153 | Fuentes de Andalucia | Municipium Flavium | Obulcula |
Sevilla | 232 | Sevilla | Colonia | Colonia Iulia Romula Hispalis |
Torre de los Herberos | 241 | Dos Hermanas | Municipium | Orippo |
Torres de Alocaz | 244 | Cabezas de San Juan (las) | Municipium | Ugia Marti |
Mesas de Asta | 435 | Jerez de la Frontera | Colonia | Hasta Regia (temporary) |
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5.
Sites on the river network
Site name | Project ID | Municipality | Urban status | Ancient name |
Alcalá del Rio | 4 | Alcalá del Rio | Municipium | Ilipa Magna |
Alcolea del Rio | 7 | Alcolea del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Canama |
Cantillana | 23 | Cantillana | Municipium Flavium | Naeva |
Coria del Rio | 71 | Coria del Rio | Caura | |
Cortijo Nuevo | 83 | Écija | ||
Écija | 91 | Écija | Colonia | Colonia Augusta Firma Astigi |
El Castillejo (Arva) | 96 | Alcolea del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Arva |
Isla del Castillo | 136 | Écija | Municipium Flavium | Segovia |
Castillo de Lora | 171 | Lora del Rio | Municipium Flavium | Axati |
Peñaflor | 208 | Peñaflor | Celti | |
La Saetilla | 217 | Palma del Rio | Municipium | |
San Juan de Aznalfarache | 222 | San Juan de Aznalfarache | Osset Constantia Iulia | |
Santiponce | 230 | Santiponce | Municipium | Colonia Aelia Augusta Itálica |
Sevilla | 232 | Sevilla | Colonia | Colonia Iulia Romula Hispalis |
Torre de los Herberos | 241 | Dos Hermanas | Municipium | Orippo |
Doña Mencia | 261 | Écija | ||
Las Animas | 270 | Écija | ||
Las Valbuenas | 271 | Écija |
Appendix B. Results of the node-based network measures
This appendix presents the results of the local exploratory network measures for each period’s visibility network with arcs up to 20 km and higher than 50 % probability.
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6.
Iberian period network up to 20 km
Site name | Project ID | Clustering coefficient | Indegree | Outdegree |
Alamillo | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Alcaudete | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Alcolea del Rio | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Atalaya de la Moranilla | 14 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cagancha | 286 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cantillana | 23 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Castillo de Alhonoz | 34 | 0.1 | 5 | 4 |
Cerro de las Cabezas (Sobarbina) | 233 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cerro del Bollo | 303 | 0.33333333 | 4 | 3 |
Cerro del Manzano | 60 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cerro del Orégano | 293 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro Gordo | 63 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cerro Rubio | 65 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cerros de San Ignacio | 287 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Chiclana (II) | 68 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Consuegra | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cortijo de los Cosmes | 75 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cortijo del Cerro | 80 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cortijos del Cerro (II) | 84 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
El Chiste (V) | 99 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
El Guijo | 105 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
El Nuño | 109 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
El Palomarejo | 201 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Friíllas | 266 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Garrotal | 267 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Huerta del Caño | 133 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Alcuza | 269 | 0.16666667 | 3 | 4 |
La Esclavitud | 142 | 0.33333333 | 3 | 3 |
La Foronguilla | 143 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Torre II | 290 | 0.66666667 | 3 | 3 |
Las Aguzaderas | 162 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Las Albaidas (I) | 163 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Las Cabezas de San Juan | 164 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Las Mazmorras | 166 | 0.66666667 | 3 | 3 |
Mesa del Almendro | 93 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Mochales | 274 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Montemolín | 192 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Morón de la Frontera | 194 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Palmilla (I) | 200 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Pancorvo | 203 | 0.16666667 | 6 | 5 |
Pedro Cruzado (I) | 206 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Pedro Cruzado (II) | 207 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Peñaflor | 208 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Porcún I | 284 | 0.5 | 4 | 4 |
Pozo del Carretero | 285 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
San José | 220 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
San Pedro (I) | 223 | 0.2 | 3 | 5 |
San Pedro (II) | 224 | 0.33333333 | 2 | 3 |
San Pedro (VII) | 227 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Tablada | 235 | 0 | 4 | 2 |
Tejada la Nueva | 419 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Tejada La Vieja | 316 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Torre del Aguila | 242 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Vico | 445 | 0.33333333 | 3 | 3 |
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7.
Republican period network up to 20 km
Site name | Project ID | Clustering coefficient | Indegree | Outdegree |
Alamillo | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Alcaudete | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Alcolea del Rio | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Atalaya de la Moranilla | 14 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Cagancha | 286 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cantillana | 23 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Castillo de Alhonoz | 34 | 0.16666667 | 4 | 3 |
Cerro de las Cabezas | 46 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro del Bollo | 303 | 0.33333333 | 4 | 3 |
Cerro del Orégano | 293 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro Rubio | 65 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cerros de San Ignacio | 287 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Chiclana (II) | 68 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Consuegra | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cortijo de los Cosmes | 75 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cortijo del Cerro | 80 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cortijos del Cerro (II) | 84 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
El Chiste (V) | 99 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
El Guijo | 105 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
El Mocho | 107 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
El Nuño | 109 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
El Palomarejo | 201 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Friíllas | 266 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Garrotal | 267 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Huerta del Caño | 133 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Alcuza | 269 | 0.16666667 | 3 | 4 |
La Foronguilla | 143 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Platera | 154 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Torre II | 290 | 0.66666667 | 3 | 3 |
Las Aguzaderas | 162 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Las Albaidas (I) | 163 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Las Cabezas de San Juan | 164 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Las Mazmorras | 166 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Mesa del Almendro | 93 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Mochales | 274 | 0.33333333 | 3 | 3 |
Montemolín | 192 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Morón de la Frontera | 194 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Palmilla (I) | 200 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Pancorvo | 203 | 0.25 | 4 | 3 |
Pedro Cruzado (II) | 207 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Peñaflor | 208 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Porcún I | 284 | 0.5 | 4 | 4 |
Pozo del Carretero | 285 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
San Pedro (I) | 223 | 0.2 | 3 | 5 |
San Pedro (II) | 224 | 0.33333333 | 2 | 3 |
San Pedro (VII) | 227 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Tablada | 235 | 0 | 4 | 2 |
Torre del Aguila | 242 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Vico | 445 | 0.33333333 | 3 | 3 |
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8.
Early Imperial period network up to 20 km
Site name | Project ID | Clustering coefficient | Indegree | Outdegree |
Alamillo | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Alcolea del Rio | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Atalaya de la Moranilla | 14 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Cantillana | 23 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cerro de las Cabezas | 46 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro de los Ladrillos | 50 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro del Bollo | 303 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
Cerro del Orégano | 293 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro Rubio | 65 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Chiclana (II) | 68 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Consuegra | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cortijo de Alcofría | 73 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
Cortijo de los Cosmes | 75 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
El Chiste (V) | 99 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
El Grullo | 104 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
El Guijo | 105 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
El Mocho | 107 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
El Nuño | 109 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
El Palomarejo | 201 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Friíllas | 266 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Garrotal | 267 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Huerta del Caño | 133 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
La Alcuza | 269 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
La Foronguilla | 143 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Platera | 154 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Torre II | 290 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Las Aguzaderas | 162 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Las Cabezas de San Juan | 164 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Las Mazmorras | 166 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Los Abades | 272 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Mesa del Almendro | 93 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Mochales | 274 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
Morón de la Frontera | 194 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Palmilla (I) | 200 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Peñaflor | 208 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Porcún I | 284 | 0.66666667 | 3 | 3 |
Reinoso | 215 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
San Pedro (I) | 223 | 0.2 | 3 | 5 |
Vico | 445 | 0.33333333 | 3 | 3 |
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9.
Middle Imperial period network up to 20 km
Site name | Project ID | Clustering coefficient | Indegree | Outdegree |
Alamillo | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Alcolea del Rio | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Atalaya de la Moranilla | 14 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Cantillana | 23 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cerro de las Cabezas | 46 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro de los Ladrillos | 50 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro del Bollo | 303 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
Cerro del Orégano | 293 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro Rubio | 65 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Chiclana (II) | 68 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Consuegra | 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cortijo de los Cosmes | 75 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
El Guijo | 105 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
El Mocho | 107 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
El Nuño | 109 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
El Palomarejo | 201 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Friíllas | 266 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Garrotal | 267 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Huerta del Caño | 133 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Alcuza | 269 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
La Foronguilla | 143 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Platera | 154 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Las Aguzaderas | 162 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Las Cabezas de San Juan | 164 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Las Mazmorras | 166 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Mochales | 274 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Morón de la Frontera | 194 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Palmilla (I) | 200 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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10.
Late Imperial period network up to 20 km
Site name | Project ID | Clustering coefficient | Indegree | Outdegree |
Alamillo | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Alcolea del Rio | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Atalaya de la Moranilla | 14 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Cantillana | 23 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cerro de los Ladrillos | 50 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro del Bollo | 303 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
Cerro del Orégano | 293 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cerro Rubio | 65 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Cortijo del Cerro | 80 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
El Mocho | 107 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
El Nuño | 109 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Garrotal | 267 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Huerta del Caño | 133 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
La Alcuza | 269 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
La Foronguilla | 143 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Las Aguzaderas | 162 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Las Cabezas de San Juan | 164 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Las Mazmorras | 166 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Mochales | 274 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
Morón de la Frontera | 194 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Palmilla (I) | 200 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Tablada | 235 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Appendix C. ERGM results
This appendix includes the results discussed in the ‘Exponential Random Graph Modelling’ section of the paper: the Bernoulli random graph models, the ERGMs without attributes and the ERGMs with attributes.
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1.
Goodness of fit of Bernoulli random graph models
T ratios express how good the model succeeds in reproducing the frequency of configurations in the observed network. In order to be a good fit, the t ratio for these configurations should be lower than 2. Only the Bernoulli random graph models for the Middle and Late Imperial observed networks show a good fit for a small number of configurations.
ᅟ
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2.
ERGMs without attributes
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2.1.
Models of 20-km networks
Significant configurations are indicated by *. Configurations are significant if the estimate is more than two times the standard error.
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2.2. Goodness of fit 20-km network models
Configurations included in the model are in bold. T ratios express how good the model succeeds in reproducing the frequency of configurations in the observed network. In order to be a good fit, the T ratio for these configurations should be lower than 0.1; T ratios for all other configurations should be between 0.1 and 2.
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3.
ERGMs of Early Imperial attributed networks
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3.1.
Estimations attribute models
Significant configurations are indicated by *. Configurations are significant if the estimate is more than two times the standard error.
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3.2. Goodness of fit attribute models
Configurations included in the model are in bold. T ratios express how good the model succeeds in reproducing the frequency of configurations in the observed network. T ratios are calculated as (observed - mean) / standard deviation. In order to be a good fit, the T ratio for these configurations should be lower than 0.1; T ratios for all other configurations should be between 0.1 and 2.
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Brughmans, T., Keay, S. & Earl, G. Understanding Inter-settlement Visibility in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain with Exponential Random Graph Models for Visibility Networks. J Archaeol Method Theory 22, 58–143 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x