Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often exhibit disordered speech prosody, but sources of disordered prosody remain poorly understood. We explored patterns of temporal alignment and prosodic grouping in a speech-based metronome repetition task as well as manual coordination in a drum tapping task among Cantonese speakers with ASD and normal nonverbal IQ and matched controls. Results indicate similar group results for prosodic grouping patterns, but significant differences in relative timing and longer syllable durations at phrase ends for the ASD group. Variability on the speech task was significantly correlated with variability on the drumming task, consistent with the view that impairment in both speech and non-speech motor domains can be linked with deficits in temporal processing.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Adapted from Byrd and Saltzman (2003): effects of later timing (c), greater strength (d), and positive skew shaping (e) modulations on π-gesture activation patterns across two consecutive articulatory constriction gestures in comparison with unmodulated gestures (a) and a centered, unskewed π-gesture with relatively weak strength (b). The duration of later gestures is increased relative to earlier gestures in (c) and (e)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albin, R. L., Young, A. B., & Penney, J. B. (1989). The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends in Neurosciences, 12(10), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(89)90074-X
Alcantara, J. I., Weisblatt, E. J. L., Moore, B. C. J., & Bolton, P. F. (2004). Speech-in-noise perception in high-functioning individuals with autism or Asperger’s syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(6), 1107–1114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00303.x
Allman, M. J., & De Leon, I. G. (2009). No time like the present: Time perception in autism. In A. C. Giordano & V. A. Lombardi (Eds.), Causes and Risks for Autism (pp. 65–76). New York: Nova Science.
Allman, M. J. (2011). Deficits in temporal processing associated with autistic disorder. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2011.00002
Allman, M. J., DeLeon, I. G., & Wearden, J. H. (2011). Psychophysical assessment of timing in individuals with autism. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 116(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-116.2.165
Allman, M., & Falter, C. (2015). Abnormal timing and time perception in autism spectrum disorder?: A review of the evidence. In Vatakis A. & Allman M. (Eds.), Time Distortions in Mind: Temporal Processing in Clinical Populations (pp. 37–56). Leiden; Boston: Brill. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/https://doi.org/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2wk.7
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2020). Guidelines for manual pure-tone threshold audiometry. [Guidelines]. https://www.asha.org/policy/GL2005-00014/.
Asperger, H. (1952). Healpädagogik. Berlin: Springer.
Asperger, H., & Frith, U. (1991). “Autistic psychopathy” in childhood. Autism and Asperger syndrome (pp. 37–92). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. (pp. xi, 289). Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.
Baddeley, A. D. (1990). Human memory: Theory and practice. (pp. xi, 515). Allyn & Bacon.
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ? Cognition, 21(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8
Baron-Cohen, S., & Staunton, R. (1994). Do children with autism acquire the phonology of their peers? An examination of group identification through the window of bilingualism. First Language, 14(42–43), 241–248.
Barr, D., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255–278.
Beckman, M. E., & Edwards, J. (1990). Lengthenings and shortenings and the nature of prosodic constituency. In J. Kingston & M. E. Beckman (Eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology I: Between the grammar and the Physics of speech (pp. 152–178). Cambridge University Press.
Berger, D. S. (2012). Pilot study investigatingn the efficacy of tempo-specific rhythm interventions in music-based treatment addressing hyper-arousal, anxiety, system pacinng, and redirection of fight-or-flight fear behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Journal of Biomusical Engineering, 2, 1–15.
Berkovits, R. (1991). The effect of speaking rate on evidence for utterance-final lengthening. Phonetica, 48(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1159/000261871
Bhat, A. N., Landa, R. J., & Galloway, J. C. (2011). Current perspectives on motor functioning in infants, children, and adults with autism spectrum disorders. Physical Therapy, 91(7), 1116–1129. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100294
Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. (2018). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 6.0.37, retrieved March 2018 from https://www.praat.org/
Breska, A., & Ivry, R. B. (2018). Double dissociation of single-interval and rhythmic temporal prediction in cerebellar degeneration and Parkinson’s disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(48), 12283–12288. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810596115
Byrd, D. (2000). Articulatory vowel lengthening and coordination at phrasal junctures. Phonetica, 57(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1159/000028456
Byrd, D., & Saltzman, E. (2003). The elastic phrase: Modeling the dynamics of boundary-adjacent lengthening. Journal of Phonetics, 31(2), 149–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(02)00085-2
Brown, L., & Johnson, S. K. (2010). Test of nonverbal intelligence. Auxtin, TX: PRO-ED.
Byrd, D., & Saltzman, E. (1998). Intragestural dynamics of multiple prosodic boundaries. Journal of Phonetics, 26(2), 173–199. https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1998.0071
Chan, K. K. L., & To, C. K. S. (2016). Do individuals with high-functioning autism who speak a tone language show intonation deficits? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 1784–1792.
Chow, I., Brown, S., Poon, M., & Weishaar, K. (2010). A musical template for phrasal rhythm in spoken Cantonese. In Speech prosody 2010-fifth international conference.
Chung, Y., & Arvaniti, A. (2013). Speech rhythm in Korean: Experiments in speech cycling. In Proceedings of meetings on acoustics, Montreal 2–7 June, 19, 060216, NY: Acoustic Society of America.
Cook, J. L., Blakemore, S.-J., & Press, C. (2013). Atypical basic movement kinematics in autism spectrum conditions. Brain, 136(9), 2816–2824. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt208
Corriveau, K. H., & Goswami, U. (2009). Rhythmic motor entrainment in children with speech and language impairments: Tapping to the beat. Cortex, 45(1), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2007.09.008
Cummins, F. (1997). Rhythmic coordination in English speech: An experimental study [PhD Thesis]. Indiana University.
Cummins, F. (1999). Synergetic organization in speech rhythm. In W. Tschacher & J.-P. Dauwalder (Eds.), Dynamics, synergetics, autonomous agents: Nonlinear systems approaches to cognitive psychology and cognitive science. Studies of nonlinear phenomena in life science—Volume 8 (pp. 256–266). New Jersey: World Scientific.
Cummins, F., & Port, R. F. (1998). Rhythmic constraints on stress-timing in English. Journal of Phonetics, 31, 139–148.
Dauer, R. M. (1983). Stress-timing and syllable-timing re-analysed. Journal of Phonetics, 11, 51–62.
DePriest, J., Glushko, A., Steinhauer, K., & Koelsch, S. (2017). Language and music phrase boundary processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An ERP study. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 14465. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14538-y
Diehl, J. J., Bennetto, L., Watson, D., Gunlogson, C., & McDonough, J. (2008). Resolving ambiguity: A psycholinguistic approach to understanding prosody processing in high-functioning autism. Brain and Language, 106(2), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2008.04.002
Diehl, J. J., & Berkovits, L. D. (2010). Is prosody a diagnostic and cognitive bellwhether of autism spectrum disorders? In A.E. Harrison (Ed.), Speech disorders: Causes, treatments and social effects (pp. 159–176). Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Diehl, J. J., & Paul, R. (2009). The assessment and treatment of prosodic disorders and neurological theories of prosody. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(4), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549500902971887
Echols, C. H., & Newport, E. L. (1992). The role of stress and position in determining first words. Language Acquisition, 2(3), 189–220. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327817la0203_1
El Shemy, S. A., & El-Sayed, M. S. (2018). The impact of auditory rhythmic cueing on gross motor skills in children with autism. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(8), 1063–1068. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.1063
Estes, A., Shaw, D. W. W., Sparks, B. F., Friedman, S., Giedd, J. N., Dawson, G., et al. (2011). Basal ganglia morphometry and repetitive behavior in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 4(3), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.193
van der Fels, I. M. J., te Wierike, S. C. M., Hartman, E., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Smith, J., & Visscher, C. (2015). The relationship between motor skills and cognitive skills in 4–16 year old typically developing children: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(6), 697–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.09.007
Ferreira, F. (1993). Creation of prosody during sentence production. Psychological Review, 100(2), 233–253.
Fon, J., Johnson, K., & Chen, S. (2011). Durational patterning at syntactic and discourse boundaries in Mandarin spontaneous speech. Language and Speech, 54(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830910372492
Fosnot, S. M., & Jun, S.-A. (1999). Prosodic characteristics in children with stuttering or autism during reading and imitation. In 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 103–115).
Franich, K. H. (2018). The interaction of prominence. Rhythm, and Tone in Medumba. https://doi.org/10.6082/M14X55ZW
Franich, K. (2019). Uncovering tonal and temporal correlates of phrasal prominence in medʉmba. Language and Speech. https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830919887994
Frith, U. (Ed.). (1991). Autism and Asperger syndrome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fry, D. B. (1955). Duration and intensity as physical correlates of linguistic stress. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 27(4), 765–768.
Gowen, E., & Miall, R. C. (2005). Behavioural aspects of cerebellar function in adults with Asperger syndrome. The Cerebellum, 4(4), 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/14734220500355332
Green, D., Baird, G., Barnett, A. L., Henderson, L., Huber, J., & Henderson, S. E. (2002). The severity and nature of motor impairment in Asperger’s syndrome: A comparison with specific developmental disorder of motor function. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(5), 655–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00054
Green, D., Charman, T., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Simonoff, E., & Baird, G. (2009). Impairment in movement skills of children with autistic spectrum disorders. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 51(4), 311–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2008.03242.x
Groen, W. B., van Orsouw, L., ter Huurne, N., Swinkels, S., van der Gaag, R.-J., Buitelaar, J. K., & Zwiers, M. P. (2009). Intact spectral but abnormal temporal processing of auditory stimuli in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(5), 742–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0682-3
Grosjean, F., Lane, H., Battison, R., & Teuber, H. (1981). The invariance of sentence performance structures across language modality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 7(1), 216–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.7.1.216
Grossman, R. B., Bemis, R. H., Plesa Skwerer, D., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2010). Lexical and affective prosody in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53(3), 778–793. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009/08-0127)
Hallett, M., Lebiedowska, M. K., Thomas, S. L., Stanhope, S. J., Denckla, M. B., & Rumsey, J. (1993). Locomotion of autistic adults. Archives of Neurology, 50(12), 1304–1308. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1993.00540120019007
Hardy, M. W., & LaGasse, A. B. (2013). Rhythm, movement, and autism: Using rhythmic rehabilitation research as a model for autism. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.00019
Hulme, C., Thomson, N., Muir, C., & Lawrence, A. (1984). Speech rate and the development of short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38(2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(84)90124-3
Jefferson, G. (1986). Notes on ‘latency’ In overlap onset. Human Studies, 9(2–3), 153–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00148125
Jobbágy, Á., Harcos, P., Karoly, R., & Fazekas, G. (2005). Analysis of finger-tapping movement. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 141(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.05.009
Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 35(2), 217–250.
Kanner, L. (1968). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 35(4), 100–136.
Kaur, M., Srinivasan, S. M., & Bhat, A. N. (2018). Comparing motor performance, praxis, coordination, and innterpersonal synchrony between children with annd without Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Research in Developmental Disabilities, 72, 79–95.
Krivokapić, J. (2007). Prosodic planning: Effects of phrasal length and complexity on pause duration. Journal of Phonetics, 35(2), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2006.04.001
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest Package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13
Lakatos, P., Gross, J., & Thut, G. (2019). A new unifying account of the roles of neuronal entrainment. Current Biology, 29(18), R890–R905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.075
Langen, M., Leemans, A., Johnston, P., Ecker, C., Daly, E., Murphy, C. M., et al. (2012). Fronto-striatal circuitry and inhibitory control in autism: Findings from diffusion tensor imaging tractography. Cortex, 48(2), 183–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.018
Le Couteur, A., Lord, C., & Rutter, M. (2003). Autism diagnostic interview-revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Lepistö, T., Kujala, T., Vanhala, R., Alku, P., Huotilainen, M., & Näätänen, R. (2005). The discrimination of and orienting to speech and non-speech sounds in children with autism. Brain Research, 1066(1–2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.052
Lepistö, T., Silokallio, S., Nieminen-von Wendt, T., Alku, P., Näätänen, R., & Kujala, T. (2006). Auditory perception and attention as reflected by the brain event-related potentials in children with Asperger syndrome. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(10), 2161–2171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.709
Li, B. (2006). Chinese final particles and the syntax of the periphery [PhD Thesis]. Leiden University.
Liberman, M., & Prince, A. (1977). On stress and linguistic rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry, 8(2), 249–336.
Lin, H.-Y., & Fon, J. (2009). Perception of temporal cues at discourse boundaries. In Proceedings of INTERSPEECH (pp. 808–811).
Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P., Risi, S., Gotham, K., & Bishop, S. (2012). Autism diagnostic observation schedule–2nd edition. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Corporation.
McCann, J., & Peppé, S. (2003). Prosody in autism spectrum disorders: A critical review. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38(4), 325–350.
Martin, J. S., Poirier, M., & Bowler, D. M. (2010). Brief report: Impaired temporal reproduction performance in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(5), 640–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0904-3
MATLAB and Statistics Toolbox Release. (2012). 2012. Natick, Massachusetts: The MathWorks Inc.
Mesibov, G. B. (1992). Treatment issues with high-functioning adolescents and adults with autism. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), High-Functioning individuals with autism (pp. 143–155). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2456-8_8
Miendlarzewska, E. A., & Trost, W. J. (2014). How musical training affects cognitive development: Rhythm, reward and other modulating variables. Frontiers in Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00279
Morimoto, C., Hida, E., Shima, K., & Okamura, H. (2018). Temporal processing instability with millisecond accuracy is a cardinal feature of sensorimotor impairments in autism spectrum disorder: Analysis using the synchronized finger-tapping task. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(2), 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3334-7
Nadig, A., & Shaw, H. (2012). Acoustic and perceptual measurement of expressive prosody in high-functioning autism: Increased pitch range and what it means to listeners. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(4), 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1264-3
Nakagawa, S., & Schielzeth, H. (2013). A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 4(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x
Nespor, M., & Vogel, I. (1986). Prosodic phonology. Dodrecht: Foris Publications.
Parrell, B., Agnew, Z., Nagarajan, S., Houde, J., & Ivry, R. B. (2017). Impaired feedforward control and enhanced feedback control of speech in patients with cerebellar degeneration. The Journal of Neuroscience, 37(38), 9249–9258. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3363-16.2017
Parrell, B., Ramanarayanan, V., Nagarajan, S., & Houde, J. (2019). The FACTS model of speech motor control: Fusing state estimation and task-based control. PLOS Computational Biology, 15(9), e1007321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007321
Patel, S. P., Nayar, K., Martin, G. E., Franich, K., Crawford, S., Diehl, J. J., & Losh, M. (2020). An acoustic characterization of prosodic differences in autism spectrum disorder and first-degree relatives. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04392-9
Paul, R., Augustyn, A., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. R. (2005). Perception and production of prosody by speakers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(2), 205–220.
Paul, R., Bianchi, N., Augustyn, A., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. R. (2008). Production of syllable stress in speakers with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(1), 110–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2007.04.001
Paul, R., Orlovski, S. M., Marcinko, H. C., & Volkmar, F. (2009). Conversational behaviors in youth with high-functioning ASD and Asperger Syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(1), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-008-0607-1
Pickett, E. R., Kuniholm, E., Protopapas, A., Friedman, J., & Lieberman, P. (1998). Selective speech motor, syntax and cognitive deficits associated with bilateral damage to the putamen and the head of the caudate nucleus: A case study. Neuropsychologia, 36(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00065-1
Pierrehumbert, J. B. (1980). The phonology and phonetics of English intonation [PhD Thesis]. MIT.
Port, R., Tajima, K., & Cummins, F. (1999). Speech and rhythmic behavior. In G. J. P. Savelsburgh, H., van der Maas, & P. C. L. van Geert (Eds.), The non-linear analysis of developmental processes (pp. 1–19). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Repp, B. H. (2005). Sensorimotor synchronization: A review of the tapping literature. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12(6), 969–992. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206433
Rinehart, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Iansek, R., Enticott, P. G., & Johnson, K. A. (2006). Movement-related potentials in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 48(04), 272. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162206000594
Rogers, T. D., Dickson, P. E., McKimm, E., Heck, D. H., Goldowitz, D., Blaha, C. D., & Mittleman, G. (2013). Reorganization of circuits underlying cerebellar modulation of prefrontal cortical dopamine in mouse models of autism spectrum disorder. The Cerebellum, 12(4), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-013-0462-2
Selkirk, E. O. (1984). Phonology and syntax: The relation between sound and structure. Lonodn: MIT Press.
Sharda, M., Tuerk, C., Chowdhury, R., Jamey, K., Foster, N., Custo-Blanch, M., et al. (2018). Music improves social communication and auditory-motor connectivity in children with autism. Translational psychiatry, 8(1), 231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0287-3
Shattuck-Hufnagel, S., & Turk, A. E. (1996). A prosody tutorial for investigators of auditory sentence processing. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 25(2), 193–247.
Srinivasan, S. M., Park, I. K., Neelly, L. B., & Bhat, A. N. (2015). A comparison of the effects of rhythm and robotic interventions on repetitive behaviors and affective states of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 18, 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.07.004
Sussman, D., Leung, R. C., Vogan, V. M., Lee, W., Trelle, S., Lin, S., et al. (2015). The autism puzzle: Diffuse but not pervasive neuroanatomical abnormalities in children with ASD. NeuroImage: Clinical, 8, 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.04.008
Szelag, E., Kowalska, J., Galkowski, T., & Pöppel, E. (2004). Temporal processing deficits in high-functioning children with autism. British Journal of Psychology, 95(3), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1348/0007126041528167
Tajima, K. (1998). Speech rhythm in English and Japanese: Experiments in speech cycling [PhD Thesis]. Indiana University.
Tajima, K., & Port, R. F. (2003). Speech rhythm in English and Japanese. In J. Local, R. Ogden, & R. Temple (Eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology VI (pp. 322–339). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Todorov, E., & Jordan, M. I. (2002). Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination. Nature Neuroscience, 5(11), 1226–1235. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn963
Tourville, J. A., & Guenther, F. H. (2011). The DIVA model: A neural theory of speech acquisition and production. Language and Cognitive Processes, 26(7), 952–981. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960903498424
Van Bourgondien, M. E., & Woods, A. V. (1992). Vocational possibilities for high-functioning adults with autism. In E. Schopler & G. B. Mesibov (Eds.), High-functioning individuals with autism (pp. 227–239). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2456-8_12
Van Buren, J. M. (1963). Confusion and disturbance of speech from stimulation in vicinity of the head of the caudate nucleus. Journal of Neurosurgery, 20(2), 148–157. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1963.20.2.0148
Vernazza-Martin, S., Martin, N., Vernazza, A., Lepellec-Muller, A., Rufo, M., Massion, J., & Assaiante, C. (2005). Goal directed locomotion and balance control in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(1), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-004-1037-3
Whyatt, C., & Craig, C. (2013). Sensory-motor problems in autism. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2013.00051
Wong, W. P., Chan, M. K. M., & Beckman, M. E. (2005). An autosegmental-metrical analysis and prosodic annotation conventions for Cantonese. In S.-A. Jun (Ed.), Prosodic typology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Yip, S. (2018) What determines Cantonese speech rhythm? [Master’s Thesis]. Hong Kong University.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the individuals who participated in this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
KF contributed to conceptualization of the study, data analysis and interpretation, and manuscript preparation. HYW contributed to data collection and processing and manuscript preparation. ACLY contributed to conceptualization of the study and manuscript preparation. CKST oversaw data collection and contributed to conceptualization of the study and manuscript preparation.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Franich, K., Wong, H.Y., Yu, A.C.L. et al. Temporal Coordination and Prosodic Structure in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Timing Across Speech and Non-speech Motor Domains. J Autism Dev Disord 51, 2929–2949 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04758-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04758-z