References
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Science, 6, 248–254.
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 163–175.
Bastiaansen, J., Thioux, M., & Keysers, C. (2008). Mirror neuron system not broken in adults with autism spectrum disorder for viewing emotions of others. Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting Program, p. 276.
Bird, G., Leighton, J., Press, C., & Heyes, C. (2007). Intact automatic imitation of human and robot actions in autism spectrum disorders. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 3027–3031.
Caldwell, P. (2006). Finding you finding me. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Capps, L., Kasari, C., Yirmiya, N., & Sigman, M. (1993). Parental perception of emotional expressiveness in children with autism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 475–484.
Decety, J., & Moriguchi, Y. (2007). The empathic brain and its dysfunction in psychiatric populations: Implications for intervention across different clinical conditions. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 1, 22–65.
Dziobek, I., Rogers, K., Fleck, S., Bahnemann, M., Heekeren, H. R., Wolf, O. T., et al. (2008). Dissociation of cognitive and emotional empathy in adults with Asperger syndrome using the multifaceted empathy test (MET). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 464–473.
Houzel, D. (2000). Working with parents of autistic children. In J. Tsiantis, S. B. Boethious, B. Hallerfors, A. Horne, & L. Tiscler (Eds.), Work with parents: Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with children and adolescents (pp. 115–134). London: Karnac Books.
Magnee, M. J. C. M., de Gelder, B., van Engeland, H., & Kemner, C. (2007). Facial electromyographic responses to emotional information from faces and voices in individuals with pervasive developmental disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1122–1130.
Markram, H., Rinaldi, T., & Markram, K. (2007). The intense world syndrome: An alternative hypothesis for autism. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 1, 77–96.
Minio-Paluello, I., Baron-Cohen, S., Avenanti, A., Walsh, V., & Aglioti, S. M. (2009). Absence of embodied empathy during pain observation in Asperger syndrome. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 55–62.
Nummenmaa, L., Hirvonen, J., Parkkola, R., & Hietanen, J. K. (2008). Is emotional contagion special? An fMRI study on neural systems for affective and cognitive empathy. NeuroImage, 43, 571–580.
Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution. Psychological Record, 56, 3–21.
Smith, A. (2009). The empathy imbalance hypothesis of autism: A theoretical approach to cognitive and emotional empathy in autistic development. Psychological Record, 59, 273–294.
Williams, J. H. G., Whiten, A., Suddendorf, T., & Perrett, D. I. (2001). Imitation, mirror neurons and autism. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 25, 287–295.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, A. Emotional Empathy in Autism Spectrum Conditions: Weak, Intact, or Heightened?. J Autism Dev Disord 39, 1747–1748 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0799-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-009-0799-z