Skip to main content
Log in

Brief Report: Perception of Body Posture—What Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder might be Missing

  • Brief Communication
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Autism has been associated with atypical face and configural processing, as indicated by the lack of a face inversion effect (better recognition of upright than inverted faces). We investigated whether such atypical processing was restricted to the face or extended to social information found in body postures. An inversion paradigm compared recognition of upright and inverted faces, body postures, and houses. Typical adults demonstrated inversion effects for both faces and body postures, but adults with autism demonstrated only a face inversion effect. Adults with autism may not have a configural processing deficit per se, but instead may have strategies for recognizing faces not used for body postures. Results have implications for therapies employing training in imitation and body posture perception.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

References

  • Attwood, A., Frith, U., & Hermelin, B. (1988). The understanding and use of interpersonal gestures by autistic and Down’s syndrome children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18, 241–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S. (1991). The theory of mind deficit in autism: How specific is it? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 301–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berument, S. K., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Pickles, A., & Bailey, A. (1999). Autism screening questionnaire: Diagnostic validity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175, 444–451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, R., Turner, L. M., Smoski, M. J., Pozdol, S. L., & Stone, W. L. (2003). Visual recognition of biological motion is impaired in children with autism. Psychological Science, 14, 151–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, J., & Lewis, V. (1992). Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 843–859.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brosnan, M. J., Scott, F. J., Fox, S., & Pye, J. (2004). Gestalt processing in autism: Failure to process perceptual relationships and the implications for contextual understanding. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 459–469.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, S. (1992). Becoming a face expert. In V. Bruce, A. Cowey, A. W. Ellis, & D. P. Perrett (Eds.), Processing the facial image (pp. 95–103). New York, NY: Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charman, T., & Howlin, P. (2003). Research into early intervention for children with autism and related disorders: Methodological and design issues. Autism, 7, 217–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cipolotti, L., Robinson, G., Blair, J., & Frith, U. (1999). Fractionation of visual memory: Evidence from a case with multiple neurodevelopmental impairments. Neuropsychologia, 37, 455–465.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corsello, C. M. (2000). Recognition of faces and the individual with autism: The saliency of facial features. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 61, 2196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Carver, L., Meltzoff, A. N., Panagiotides, H., McPartland, J., & Webb, S. J. (2002). Neural correlates of face and object recognition in young children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay and typical development. Child Development, 73, 700–717.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., & Galpert, L. (1990). Mothers’ use of imitative play for facilitating social responsiveness and toy play in young autistic children. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 151–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & McPartland, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27, 403–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frith, U. (1989). Autism and “theory of mind”. In C. Gillberg (Ed.), Diagnosis and treatment of autism (pp. 33–52). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gepner, B., de Gelder, B., & de Schonen, S. (1996). Face processing in autistics: Evidence for a generalised deficit? Child Neuropsychology, 2, 123–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grelotti, D. J., Gauthier, I., & Schultz, R. T. (2002). Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing. Developmental Psychobiology, 40, 213–225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happé, F. (2005). The weak central coherence account of autism. In F. R. Volkmar, R. Paul, A. Klin, & D. Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders, Vol. 1: Diagnosis, development, neurobiology, and behavior (3rd ed.) (pp. 640–649). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Happé, F., Briskman, J., & Frith, U. (2001). Exploring the cognitive phenotype of autism: Weak “central coherence” in parents and siblings of children with autism: I. Experimental tests. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 299–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happé, F. G. E. (1996). Studying weak central coherence at low levels: Children with autism do not succumb to visual illusions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 873–877.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E., & Frith, U. (2003). Autism—insights from mind and brain. Philosophical Transactions, 385, 281–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988). What’s in a face? The case of autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 441–453.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ingersoll, B. R. (2003). Teaching children with autism to imitate using a naturalistic treatment approach: Effects on imitation, language, play, and social behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 6, 6120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, R. M., & Tanaka, J. (2003). Holistic and part-based face recognition in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 529–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 809–816.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klin, A., Sparrow, S. S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D. V., Cohen, D. J., & Volkmar, F. R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29, 499–508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: An approach to the study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 255–268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, B. B., Donnelly, N., Hadwin, J. A., & Leekam, S. R. (2004). Face processing in high-functioning adolescents with autism: Evidence for weak central coherence. Visual Cognition, 11, 673–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Rutter, M., DiLavore, P.C., & Risi, S. (1999). Autism diagnostic observation schedule. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994). Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 659–685.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mauer, D., Le Grand, R., & Mondloch, C. J. (2002). The many faces of configural processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6, 255–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGoldrick, J. E. (2004). The configural processing of human body postures. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 64, 3553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mottron, L., Belleville, S., & Ménard, E. (1999). Local bias in autistic subjects as evidenced by graphic tasks: Perceptual hierarchization or working memory deficit? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 743–756.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navon, D. (1977). Forest before the trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 353–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odom, S. L., Brown, W. H., Frey, T., Karasu, N., Smith-Canter, L. L., & Strain, P. S. (2003). Evidence-based practices for young children with autism: Contributions for single-subject design Research. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 18, 166–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osterling, J., & Dawson, G. (1994). Early recognition of children with autism: A study of first birthday home videotapes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24, 247–257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osterling, J. A., Dawson, G., & Munson, J. A. (2002). Early recognition of 1-year-old infants with autism spectrum disorder versus mental retardation. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 239–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249–261.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plaisted, K. C., Swettenham, J., & Rees, L. (1999). Children with autism show local precedence in a divided attention task and global precedence in a selective attention task. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 733–742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rakover, S. S. (2002). Featural vs configurational information in faces: A conceptual and empirical analysis. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 1–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, C. L., Stone, V. E., Bozova, S., & Tanaka, J. (2003). The body-inversion effect. Psychological Science, 14, 302–308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reed, C. L., Stone, V. E., Grubb, J., & McGoldrick, J. E. (2006). Turning configural processing upside down: Part- and whole body postures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 73–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rinehart, N. J., Bradshaw, J. L., Moss, S. A., Brereton, A. V., & Tonge, B. J. (2000). Atypical interference of local detail on global processing in high-functioning autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 769–778.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S. J., Hepburn, S. L., Stackhouse, T., & Wehner, E. (2003). Imitation performance in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 763–781.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rouse, H., Donnelly, N., Hadwin, J. A., & Brown, T. (2004). Do children with autism perceive second-order relational features? The case of the Thatcher illusion. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1246–1257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scapinello, K. F., & Yarmey, A. D. (1970). The role of familiarity and orientation in immediate and delayed recognition of pictorial stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 21, 329–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searcy, J. H., & Bartlett, J. C. (1996). Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information in faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 904–915.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, W. L., & Yoder, P. J. (2001). Predicting spoken language level in children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 5, 341–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Charman, T., Cox, A., Baird, G., Drew, A., et al. (1998). The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and nonsocial stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and nonautistic developmentally delayed infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 747–753.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, J. W., & Farah, M. J. (1993). Parts and wholes in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 46, 225–245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, J. W., & Sengco, J. A. (1997). Features and their configuration in face recognition. Memory and Cognition, 25, 583–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teunisse, J. P., Cools, A. R., van Spaendonck, K. P., Aerts, F. H., & Berger, H. J. (2001). Cognitive styles in high-functioning adolescents with autistic disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31, 55–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teunisse, J. P., & de Gelder, B. (2003). Face processing in adolescents with autistic disorder: The inversion and composite effects. Brain and Cognition, 52, 285–294.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, T. (1988). Upside-down faces: A review of the effect of inversion upon face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 79, 471–491.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1999). Manual for the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yarmey, A. D. (1971). Recognition memory for familiar “public” faces: Effects of orientation and delay. Psychonomic Science, 24, 286–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (1969). Looking at upside-down faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, 141–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Catherine L. Reed.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Reed, C., Beall, P.M., Stone, V.E. et al. Brief Report: Perception of Body Posture—What Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder might be Missing. J Autism Dev Disord 37, 1576–1584 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0220-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0220-0

Keywords

Navigation