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Patterns of Childhood Adversity among Women with and without Childhood ADHD: Links to Adult Psychopathology and Global Functioning

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Abstract

We examine the outcomes associated with childhood adversity for women with and without carefully diagnosed childhood ADHD, via an ethnically diverse sample of 140 participants with ADHD (Mage = 9.7) and 88 age- and ethnicity-matched comparisons (Mage = 9.4). At adult follow-up, we retained 211 of the original 228 participants (92.6%; Mage = 25.6). We used latent class analysis to identify patterns of childhood adversity and examine their association with adult global functioning and psychopathology. Key findings: (1) Four childhood adversity classes emerged (Low Exposure, Familial Dysfunction, Emotional Maltreatment, Pervasive Exposure); (2) Childhood ADHD predicted membership in the Emotional Maltreatment class; and (3) Childhood adversity classes were differently associated with adult outcomes, such that membership in both the Emotional Maltreatment and Pervasive Exposure classes predicted significantly higher internalizing and externalizing symptoms as well as significantly lower global functioning than women in the Low Exposure class. Furthermore, compared to the Emotional Maltreatment class, the Familial Dysfunction class had lower externalizing symptoms, whereas the Pervasive Exposure class had lower global functioning and higher internalizing symptoms by adulthood. Findings provide information about girls and women who could be targeted for intervention in terms of ADHD behavior patterns plus adverse experiences in childhood. Beyond limitations, we discuss the need to investigate the confluence of neurodevelopmental conditions and adverse child events with respect to maladaptive outcomes.

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Acknowledgements

This study would not have been possible without the work of Christine A. Zalecki, Peter Gillette, and all the researchers of the Hinshaw Lab. We also wish to deeply thank the young women and their parents for their participation in our research.

Funding

The core research program described herein was funded by NIMH Grant R01450564, awarded to Stephen P. Hinshaw. The author(s) have received no additional financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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  1. University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Phuc T. Nguyen & Stephen P. Hinshaw

  2. Child and Family Translational Research Center, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA

    Chanelle T. Gordon

  3. University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Elizabeth B. Owens & Stephen P. Hinshaw

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Nguyen, P.T., Gordon, C.T., Owens, E.B. et al. Patterns of Childhood Adversity among Women with and without Childhood ADHD: Links to Adult Psychopathology and Global Functioning. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 51, 1813–1825 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00994-2

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