Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Role of Emotion Understanding in the Development of Aggression and Callous-Unemotional Features across Early Childhood

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although prior research suggests that children show rapid change in socioemotional functioning and aggression throughout early childhood, little is known about how these factors may be associated with the development of callous-unemotional (CU) features. This study investigated the parallel development of, and reciprocal relationships between, emotion understanding (EU) and aggression across early childhood, as well as how they play a role in the development of CU features. Parallel latent growth curve modeling was used to examine longitudinal reciprocal relationships between EU and aggression in a sample of 498 primarily Black (i.e., African-American or Afro-Caribbean) preschoolers (49.5% male, 89.2% Black, Mage = 4.1), followed with six waves over a 45-month period from pre-kindergarten through grade 2. CU features were included as a baseline covariate, as well as an outcome, of EU and aggression growth factors. Children with lower levels of EU at age 4 displayed higher linear increases in aggression over time. EU at age 4 had a significant indirect effect on CU features at age 8 via its association with linear increases in aggression. Findings suggest that EU is influential in the early development of aggression, which may in turn influence the development or exacerbation of CU features. Children’s EU in early childhood, especially concerning others’ distress, may be an important component of preventive intervention efforts for young children at risk for serious antisocial behavior.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., & Warden, D. (2008). Cognitive and affective perspective-taking in conduct-disordered children high and low on callous-unemotional traits. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2, 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arsenio, W. F., Cooperman, S., & Lover, A. (2000). Affective predictors of preschoolers' aggression and peer acceptance: Direct and indirect effects. Developmental Psychology, 36, 438–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedford, R., Wagner, N. J., Rehder, P. D., Propper, C., Willoughby, M. T., & Mills-Koonce, R. W. (2017). The role of infants’ mother-directed gaze, maternal sensitivity, and emotion recognition in childhood callous unemotional behaviours. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 947–956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bierman, K. L., Domitrovich, C. E., Nix, R. L., Gest, S. D., Welsh, J. A., Greenberg, M. T., et al. (2008). Promoting academic and social-emotional school readiness: The head start REDI program. Child Development, 79, 1802–1817.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, R. R., Monson, J., & Frederickson, N. (2001). Moral reasoning and conduct problems in children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 799–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brotman, L. M., Gouley, K. K., Chesir-Teran, D., Dennis, T., Klein, R. G., & Shrout, P. (2005). Prevention for preschoolers at high risk for conduct problems: Immediate outcomes on parenting practices and child social competence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 724–734.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brotman, L. M., Dawson-McClure, S., Calzada, E. J., Huang, K., Kamboukos, D., Palamar, J. J., & Petkova, E. (2013). Cluster (school) RCT of ParentCorps: Impact on kindergarten academic achievement. Pediatrics, 131, e1521–e1529.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, J. D., Loeber, R., & Lahey, B. B. (2007). Adolescent conduct disorder and interpersonal callousness as predictors of psychopathy in young adults. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 334–346.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centifanti, L. M., Meins, E., & Fernyhough, C. (2016). Callous-unemotional traits and impulsivity: Distinct longitudinal relations with mind-mindedness and understanding of others. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 84–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R., Fraser, J., Frost, A., & Hawes, D. J. (2005). Disentangling the underlying dimensions of psychopathy and conduct problems in childhood: A community study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 400–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R., Allen, J. L., Oliver, B. R., Faulkner, N., Legge, K., Moul, C., et al. (2012a). Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. Psychopathy. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 191–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R., Cauchi, A. J., Wimalaweera, S., Hawes, D. J., & Brennan, J. (2012b). Outcomes, moderators, and mediators of empathic-emotion recognition training for complex conduct problems in childhood. Psychiatry Research, 199, 201–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dadds, M. R., Kimonis, E. R., Schollar-Root, O., Moul, C., & Hawes, D. J. (2018). Are impairments in emotion recognition a core feature of callous-unemotional traits? Testing the primary versus secondary variants model in children. Development and Psychopathology, 30, 67–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Datyner, A., Kimonis, E. R., Hunt, E., & Armstrong, K. (2016). Using a novel emotional skills module to enhance empathic responding for a child with conduct disorder with limited prosocial emotions. Clinical Case Studies, 15, 35–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson-McClure, S., Calzada, E., Huang, K., Kamboukos, D., Rhule, D., Kolawole, B., et al. (2015). A population-level approach to promoting healthy child development and school success in low-income, urban neighborhoods: Impact on parenting and child conduct problems. Prevention Science, 16, 279–290.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, S. A. (1986). Social cognition, prosocial behavior, and emotion in preschoolers: Contextual validation. Child Development, 57, 194–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denham, S. A., Caverly, S., Schmidt, M., Blair, K., DeMulder, E., Caal, S., et al. (2002). Preschool understanding of emotions: Contributions to classroom anger and aggression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 901–916.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eggum, N. D., Eisenberg, N., Kao, K., Spinrad, T. L., Bolnick, R., Hofer, C., et al. (2011). Emotion understanding, theory of mind, and prosocial orientation: Relations over time in early childhood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6, 4–16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N., Murphy, B. C., & Shepard, S. (1997). The development of empathic accuracy. In W. Ickes (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 73–116). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezpeleta, L., Osa, N. l., Granero, R., Penelo, E., & Domènech, J. M. (2013). Inventory of callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of preschoolers. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 91–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanti, K. A., & Kimonis, E. (2017). Heterogeneity in externalizing problems at age 3: Association with age 15 biological and environmental outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 53, 1230–1241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanti, K. A., Colins, O. F., Andershed, H., & Sikki, M. (2017). Stability and change in callous-unemotional traits: Longitudinal associations with potential individual and contextual risk and protective factors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87, 62–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine, N. G., Rijsdijk, F. V., McCrory, E. P., & Viding, E. (2010). Etiology of different developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 656–664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine, N. G., McCrory, E. P., Boivin, M., Moffitt, T. E., & Viding, E. (2011). Predictors and outcomes of joint trajectories of callous–unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 730–742.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J. (2004). The inventory of callous-unemotional traits. University of New Orleans: Unpublished rating scale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2001). Antisocial process screening device. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frick, P. J., Ray, J. V., Thornton, L. C., & Kahn, R. E. (2014). Annual research review: A developmental psychopathology approach to understanding callous-unemotional traits in children and adolescents with serious conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 532–548.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, P. W., Jones, D. C., & Miner, J. L. (1994). Social competence among low-income preschoolers: Emotion socialization practices and social cognitive correlates. Child Development, 65, 622–637.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillen, C. A., Lee, Z., Salekin, K. L., Iselin, A. R., Harrison, N. A., Clark, A. P., et al. (2018). Psychopathic traits in adolescence: The importance of examining components in face processing, voice processing, and emotional skill. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40, 50–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilliam, W., Maupin, A., Reyes, C., Accavitti, M., & Shic, F. (2016). Do early educators’ implicit biases regarding sex and race relate to behavior expectations and recommendations of preschool expulsions and suspensions? Yale Child Study Center.

  • Gutman, L. M., Joshi, H., Parsonage, M., & Schoon, I. (2018). Trends in parent- and teacher-rated mental health problems among 10- and 11-year-olds in Great Britain: 1999–2012. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 23, 26–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawes, D. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2007). Stability and malleability of callous-unemotional traits during treatment for childhood conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 347–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawes, D. J., Dadds, M. R., Frost, A. J., & Hasking, P. A. (2011). Do childhood callous-unemotional traits drive change in parenting practices? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 507–518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinnant, J. B., & O'Brien, M. (2007). Cognitive and emotional control and perspective taking and their relations to empathy in 5-year-old children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168, 301–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, C., Dunn, J., & White, A. (1998). Trick or treat? Uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in 'hard-to-manage' preschoolers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 981–994.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.

  • Jones, A. P., Laurens, K. R., Herba, C. M., Barker, G. J., & Viding, E. (2009). Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 95–102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2006). Longitudinal trajectories of self-system processes and depressive symptoms among maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Child Development, 77, 624–639.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Boris, N. W., Smyke, A. T., Cornell, A. H., Farrell, J. M., & Zeanah, C. H. (2006). Callous-unemotional features, behavioral inhibition, and parenting: Independent predictors of aggression in a high-risk preschool sample. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 745–756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Frick, P. J., Cauffman, E., Goldweber, A., & Skeem, J. (2012). Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1091–1103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimonis, E. R., Fanti, K. A., Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., Mertan, B., Goulter, N., & Katsimicha, E. (2016). Can callous-unemotional traits be reliably measured in preschoolers? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 625–638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kochanska, G., & Aksan, N. (2004). Conscience in childhood: Past, present, and future. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 299–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (2002). Introduction in statistical analysis with missing data (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2000). Young children who commit crime: Epidemiology, developmental origins, risk factors, early interventions, and policy implications. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 737–762.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lozier, L. M., Cardinale, E. M., Van Meter, J. W., & Marsh, A. A. (2014). Mediation of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression by amygdala response to fear among children with conduct problems. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 627–636.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lynam, D. R., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2008). The stability of psychopathy from adolescence into adulthood: The search for moderators. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 228–243.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  • Mardell-Czudnowski, C., & Goldenberg, D. (1998). Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning (3rd ed.) (DIAL-3). Circle pines, MN: American guidance service.

  • Marshall, L. E., & Marshall, W. L. (2011). Empathy and antisocial behaviour. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 22, 742–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185–204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills-Koonce, W. R., Willoughby, M. T., Garrett-Peters, P., Wagner, N., & Vernon-Feagans, L. (2016). The interplay among socioeconomic status, household chaos, and parenting in the prediction of child conduct problems and callous–unemotional behaviors. Development and Psychopathology, 28, 757–771.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Authors.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcorn, J. H., Ivanov, I., Chacko, A., & Javdani, S. (2016). Aggression and violence. In M. K. Dulcan (Ed.), Dulcan's textbook of child and adolescent psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 603–620). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Kearney, R., Salmon, K., Liwag, M., Fortune, C., & Dawel, A. (2017). Emotional abilities in children with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD): Impairments in perspective-taking and understanding mixed emotions are associated with high callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48, 346–357.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pons, F., Lawson, J., Harris, P. L., & de Rosnay, M. (2003). Individual differences in children's emotion understanding: Effects of age and language. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44, 347–353.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). BASC-2: Behavior assessment system for children (2nd ed.). Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roose, A., Bijttebier, P., Decoene, S., Claes, L., & Frick, P. J. (2010). Assessing the affective features of psychopathy in adolescence: A further validation of the inventory of callous and unemotional traits. Assessment, 17, 44–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai, J. T., Dalwani, M. S., Gelhorn, H. L., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S. K., & Crowley, T. J. (2012). A behavioral test of accepting benefits that cost others: Associations with conduct problems and callous-unemotionality. PLoS One, 7, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salihovic, S., Kerr, M., Özdemir, M., & Pakalniskiene, V. (2012). Directions of effects between adolescent psychopathic traits and parental behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 957–969.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwenck, C., Mergenthaler, J., Keller, K., Zech, J., Salehi, S., Taurines, R., et al. (2012). Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: Group-specific profiles and developmental aspects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 651–659.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somech, L. Y., & Elizur, Y. (2012). Promoting self-regulation and cooperation in pre-kindergarten children with conduct problems: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 412–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolan, P. H., & Gorman-Smith, D. (1998). Development of serious and violent offending careers. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious & violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 68–85). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, R. E. (2006). Prevention of youth violence: Why not start at the beginning? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34, 480–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuvblad, C., Bezdjian, S., Raine, A., & Baker, L. A. (2013). Psychopathic personality and negative parent-to-child affect: A longitudinal cross-lag twin study. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41, 331–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viding, E., Blair, R. R., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2005). Evidence for substantial genetic risk for psychopathy in 7-year-olds. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 592–597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viding, E., Jones, A. P., Frick, P. J., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2008). Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: Do callous-unemotional traits matter? Developmental Science, 11, 17–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viding, E., Sebastian, C. L., Dadds, M. R., Lockwood, P. L., Cecil, C. M., De Brito, S. A., & McCrory, E. J. (2012). Amygdala response to preattentive masked fear in children with conduct problems: The role of callous-unemotional traits. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 1109–1116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, R., & Hyde, L. W. (2017). Callous–unemotional behaviors in early childhood: Measurement, meaning, and the influence of parenting. Child Development Perspectives, 11, 120–126.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, R., Gardner, F., Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2012). Do harsh and positive parenting predict parent reports of deceitful-callous behavior in early childhood? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 946–953.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, R., Hyde, L. W., Grabell, A. S., Alves, M. L., & Olson, S. L. (2015). Differential associations of early callous-unemotional, oppositional, and ADHD behaviors: Multiple domains within early-starting conduct problems? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 657–666.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, R., Dishion, T. J., Shaw, D. S., Gardner, F., Wilson, M. N., & Hyde, L. W. (2016). Does early childhood callous-unemotional behavior uniquely predict behavior problems or callous-unemotional behavior in late childhood? Developmental Psychology, 52, 1805–1819.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • White, S. F., Marsh, A. A., Fowler, K. A., Schechter, J. C., Adalio, C., Pope, K., et al. (2012). Reduced amygdala response in youths with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits: Decreased emotional response versus increased top-down attention to nonemotional features. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 750–758.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, S. F., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Voss, J. L., Petitclerc, A., McCarthy, K., Blair, R. R., & Wakschlag, L. S. (2016). Can the fear recognition deficits associated with callous-unemotional traits be identified in early childhood? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38, 672–684.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, S., Waller, R., & Viding, E. (2016). Practitioner review: Involving young people with callous unemotional traits in treatment – Does it work? A systematic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 552–565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby, M. T., Waschbusch, D. A., Moore, G. A., & Propper, C. B. (2011). Using the ASEBA to screen for callous unemotional traits in early childhood: Factor structure, temporal stability, and utility. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33, 19–30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, Y., Pasalich, D. S., Oberth, C., McMahon, R. J., & Pinderhughes, E. E. (2017). Capturing parenting as a multidimensional and dynamic construct with a person-oriented approach. Prevention Science, 18, 281–291.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by the US Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences (R305F050245 and R305A100596) and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (1R01MH077331–01) to Laurie Brotman (PI). Additional support for the preparation of this work was provided by a Leading Edge Endowment Fund (LEEF) British Columbia (BC) Leadership Chair award, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute Investigator Salary and Investigator Establishment Awards, and a Canada Foundation for Innovation award to Robert J. McMahon.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for the Reduction of Youth Violence, Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada

    David A. Schuberth & Robert J. McMahon

  2. BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    David A. Schuberth & Robert J. McMahon

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Yao Zheng

  4. Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

    Dave S. Pasalich

  5. Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Dimitra Kamboukos, Spring Dawson-McClure & Laurie Miller Brotman

Authors
  1. David A. Schuberth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yao Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dave S. Pasalich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Robert J. McMahon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Dimitra Kamboukos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Spring Dawson-McClure
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Laurie Miller Brotman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David A. Schuberth.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schuberth, D.A., Zheng, Y., Pasalich, D.S. et al. The Role of Emotion Understanding in the Development of Aggression and Callous-Unemotional Features across Early Childhood. J Abnorm Child Psychol 47, 619–631 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0468-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-018-0468-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation