Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Comparing the CASI-4R and the PGBI-10 M for Differentiating Bipolar Spectrum Disorders from Other Outpatient Diagnoses in Youth

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We compared 2 rating scales with different manic symptom items on diagnostic accuracy for detecting pediatric bipolar spectrum disorder (BPSDs) in outpatient mental health clinics. Participants were 681 parents/guardians of eligible children (465 male, mean age = 9.34) who completed the Parent General Behavior Inventory-10-item Mania (PGBI-10 M) and mania subscale of the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-Revised (CASI-4R). Diagnoses were based on KSADS interviews with parent and youth. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses and diagnostic likelihood ratios (DLRs) determined discriminative validity and provided clinical utility, respectively. Logistic regressions tested for incremental validity in the CASI-4R mania subscale and PGBI-10 M in predicting youth BPSD status above and beyond demographic and common diagnostic comorbidities. Both CASI-4R and PGBI-10 M scales significantly distinguished BPSD (N = 160) from other disorders (CASI-4R: Area under curve (AUC) = .80, p < 0.0005; PGBI-10 M: AUC = 0.79, p < 0.0005) even though scale items differed. Both scales performed equally well in differentiating BPSDs (Venkatraman test p > 0.05). Diagnostic likelihood ratios indicated low scores on either scale (CASI: 0–5; PGBI-10 M: 0–6) cut BPSD odds to 1/5 of those with high scores (CASI DLR- = 0.17; PGBI-10 M DLR- = 0.18). High scores on either scale (CASI: 14+; PGBI-10 M: 20+) increased BPSD odds about fourfold (CASI DLR+ = 4.53; PGBI-10 M DLR+ = 3.97). Logistic regressions indicated the CASI-4R mania subscale and PGBI-10 M each provided incremental validity in predicting youth BPSD status. The CASI-4R is at least as valid as the PGBI-10 M to help identify BPSDs, and can be considered as part of an assessment battery to screen for pediatric BPSDs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms & Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349.

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Axelson, D., Birmaher, B., Strober, M., Gill, M. K., Valeri, S., Chiappetta, L., et al. (2006). Phenomenology of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(10), 1139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. A., & Klein, D. N. (2014). How to understand divergent views on bipolar disorder in youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 529–551. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153702.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, G. A., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2003). Clinical implications of pervasive manic symptoms in children. Biological Psychiatry, 53, 1050–1058.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chilakamarri, J. K., Filkowski, M. M., & Ghaemi, S. N. (2011). Misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: a comparison with ADHD and major depressive disorder. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 23, 25–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conners, C. K. (1997). Conners’ Rating Scales - Revised: Short Form. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Heath Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • DelBello, M. P., & Geller, B. (2001). Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorders, 3, 325–334. doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2001.30607.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denicoff, K. D., Smith-Jackson, E. E., Disney, E. R., Suddath, R. L., Leverich, G. S., & Post, R. M. (1997). Preliminary evidence of the reliability and validity of the prospective life-chart methodology (LCM-p). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 31, 593–603.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Depue, R. A., Slater, J. F., Wolfstetter-Kausch, H., Klein, D., Goplerud, E., & Farr, D. (1981). A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: a conceptual framework and five validation studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 381–437. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.90.5.381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diler, R. S., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Goldstein, B., Gill, M., Strober, M., et al. (2009). The child behavior checklist (CBCL) and the CBCL-bipolar phenotype are not useful in diagnosing pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 19, 23–30. doi:10.1089/cap.2008.067.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Findling, R. L., Youngstrom, E. A., Fristad, M. A., Birmaher, B., Kowatch, R. A., Arnold, L. E., et al. (2010). Characteristics of children with elevated symptoms of mania: the longitudinal assessment of manic symptoms (LAMS) study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(12), 1664–1672. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05859yel.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., & Drabick, D. A. (2012). Anger and irritability symptoms among youth with ODD: cross-informant versus source-exclusive syndromes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(7), 1073–1085. doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9637-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2005). Child and adolescent symptom inventory-4R. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gadow, K. D., & Sprafkin, J. (2008). Adolescent symptom inventory-4 screening and norms manual. Stony Brook, NY: Checkmate Plus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galanter, C. A., & Leibenluft, E. (2008). Frontiers between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17, 325–346 viii-ix. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, B., Warner, K., Williams, M., & Zimerman, B. (1998). Prepubertal and young adolescent bipolarity versus ADHD: assessment and validity using the WASH-U-KSADS, CBCL and TRF. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51, 93–100. doi:10.1016/S0165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J. L., DelBello, M. P., & Soutullo, C. (2001). Reliability of the Washington University in St. Louis kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS) mania and rapid cycling sections. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(4), 450–455. doi:10.1097/00004583-200104000-00014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geller, B., Zimerman, B., Williams, M., Delbello, M. P., Bolhofner, K., Craney, J. L., et al. (2002). DSM-IV mania symptoms in a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype compared to attention-deficit hyperactive and normal controls. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 12, 11–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaemi, S. N., Boiman, E. E., & Goodwin, F. K. (1999). Kindling and second messengers: an approach to the neurobiology of recurrence in bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 45(2), 137–144. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00256-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, T. R., Ha, W., Axelson, D. A., Goldstein, B. I., Liao, F., Gill, M. K., et al. (2012). Predictors of prospectively examined suicide attempts among youth with bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(11), 1113–1122. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.650.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, F. K., & Jamison, K. R. (2007). Manic-depressive illness: Bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt, G. H., & Rennie, D. (2002). Users’ guides to the medical literature. Chicago, IL: AMA Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, F. E., Califf, R. M., Pryor, D. B., Lee, K. L., & Rosati, R. A. (1982). Evaluating the yield of medical tests. JAMA, 247(18), 2543–2546. doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03320430047030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hauser, M., Galling, B., & Correll, C. U. (2013). Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence rates, correlates, and targeted interventions. Bipolar Disorders, 15, 507–523. doi:10.1111/bdi.12094.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D. B., Pavuluri, M. N., Youngstrom, E. A., & Birmaher, B. (2008). Accuracy of brief and full forms of the child mania rating scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64(4), 368–381. doi:10.1002/jclp.20464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschfeld, R. M., Calabrese, J. R., Weissman, M. M., Reed, M., Davies, M. A., Frye, M. A., et al. (2003). Screening for bipolar disorder in the community. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64(1), 53–59. doi:10.4088/JCP.v64n0111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitz, S. M., Demeter, C. A., Pagano, M. E., Youngstrom, E. A., Fristad, M. A., Arnold, L. E., et al. (2010). Longitudinal assessment of manic symptoms (LAMS) study: background, design, and initial screening results. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(11), 1511–1517. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05835yel.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jaeschke, R., Guyatt, G. H., & Sackett, D. L. (1994). Users’ guides to the medical literature. III. How to use an article about a diagnostic test. B. What are the results and will they help me in caring for my patients?. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 271(9), 703–707. doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, M. M., Youngstrom, E. A., Washburn, J. J., & Youngstrom, J. K. (2011). Evidence-based strategies improve assessment of pediatric bipolar disorder by community practitioners. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42, 121–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen-Doss, A., Youngstrom, E. A., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., & Findling, R. L. (2014). Predictors and moderators of agreement between clinical and research diagnoses for children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 82(6), 1151–1162. doi:10.1037/a0036657.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, M., Youngstrom, E. A., & Soares, J. C. (2009). Antidepressant-coincident mania in children and adolescents treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Future Neurology, 4(1), 87–102. doi:10.2217/14796708.4.1.87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kahana, S. Y., Youngstrom, E. A., Findling, R. L., & Calabrese, J. R. (2003). Employing parent, teacher, and youth self-report checklists in identifying pediatric bipolar spectrum disorders: an examination of diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13, 471–488. doi:10.1089/104454603322724869.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(7), 980–988. doi:10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, W. R., Wirth, L., & Simon, C. (2006). Delayed diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder in a community mental health setting. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 12(2), 128–133. doi:10.1097/00131746-200603000-00011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, C. J., Johnson, S. L., Kwapil, T. R., & Carver, C. S. (2011). Three studies on self-report scales to detect bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 128(3), 199–210. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obuchowski, N. A. (2003). Receiver operating characteristic curves and their use in radiology. Radiology, 229, 3–8. doi:10.1148/radiol.2291010898.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pacchiarotti, I., Bond, D. J., Baldessarini, R. J., Nolen, W. A., Grunze, H., Licht, R. W., et al. (2013). The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) task force report on antidepressant use in bipolar disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(11), 1249–1262. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020185.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pliszka, S. R., Sherman, J. O., Barrow, M. V., & Irick, S. (2000). Affective disorder in juvenile offenders: a preliminary study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(1), 130–132. doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team. (2014). A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org .

  • Robin, X., Turck, N., Hainard, A., Tiberti, N., Lisacek, F., Sanchez, J. C., & Muller, M. (2011). pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics, 12, 77. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-12-77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sprafkin, J., Gadow, K. D., Salisbury, H., Schneider, J., & Loney, J. (2002). Further evidence of reliability and validity of the child symptom inventory-4: parent checklist in clinically referred boys. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31(4), 513–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sprafkin, J., Steinberg, E., Gadow, K. D., & Drabick, D. A. (2013). Agreement among categorical, dimensional, and impairment criteria for ADHD and common comorbidities. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1–13. doi:10.1177/1087054712475083.

  • Stewart, A. J., Theodore-Oklota, C., Hadley, W., Brown, L. K., Donenberg, G., DiClemente, R., & Project, S. S. G (2012). Mania symptoms and HIV-risk behavior among adolescents in mental health treatment. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41(6), 803–810. doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.675569.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Straus, S. E., Glasziou, P., Richardson, W. S., & Haynes, R. B. (2011). Evidence-based medicine: How to practice and teach evidence-based medicine. Edinburgh: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swets, J. A., Dawes, R. M., & Monahan, J. (2000). Better decisions through science. Scientific American, 283(4), 82–87. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1000-82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Meter, A. R., Moreira, A. L., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2011). Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(9), 1250–1256. doi:10.4088/JCP.10m06290.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Meter, A., You, D.S., Halverson, T., Youngstrom, E.A., Birmaher, B., Fristad, M.A., Kowatch, R.A., Horwitz, S.M., Frazier, T.W., Arnold, L.E., Findling, R.L., the LAMS Group (2016). Diagnostic efficiency of caregiver report on the SCARED for identifying youth anxiety disorders in outpatient settings. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (in press).

  • Venkatraman, E. S. (2000). A permutation test to compare receiver operating characteristic curves. Biometrics, 56(4), 1134–1138. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.01134.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, K. D., Hirschfeld, R. M., Emslie, G. J., Findling, R. L., Gracious, B. L., & Reed, M. L. (2006). Validation of the mood disorder questionnaire for bipolar disorders in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(5), 827–830. doi:10.4088/JCP.v67n0518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub, M., Youngstrom, E. A., Marvin, S. E., Podell, J. L., Walshaw, P. D., Kim, E. Y., et al. (2014). Diagnostic profiles and clinical characteristics of youth referred to a pediatric mood disorders clinic. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 20(2), 154–162. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000445251.20875.47.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A. (2014). A primer on receiver operating characteristic analysis and diagnostic efficiency statistics for pediatric psychology: We are ready to ROC. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst062.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Findling, R. L., Danielson, C. K., & Calabrese, J. R. (2001). Discriminative validity of parent report of hypomanic and depressive symptoms on the General Behavior Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 13(2), 267–276. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.267 .http://psycnet.apa.org/

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Findling, R. L., Calabrese, J. R., Gracious, B. L., Demeter, C., Bedoya, D. D., & Price, M. (2004). Comparing the diagnostic accuracy of six potential screening instruments for bipolar disorder in youths aged 5 to 17 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(7), 847–858. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000125091.35109.1e.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Meyers, O., Demeter, C., Youngstrom, J. K., Morello, L., Piiparinen, R., et al. (2005). Comparing diagnostic checklists for pediatric bipolar disorder in academic and community mental health settings. Bipolar Disorders, 7, 507–517. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00269.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Meyers, O., Youngstrom, J. K., Calabrese, J. R., & Findling, R. L. (2006). Comparing the effects of sampling designs on the diagnostic accuracy of eight promising screening algorithms for pediatric bipolar disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 60(9), 1013–1019. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Frazier, T. W., Demeter, C., Calabrese, J. R., & Findling, R. L. (2008a). Developing a 10-item mania scale from the parent general behavior inventory for children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(5), 831–839. doi:10.4088/JCP.v69n0517.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Joseph, M. F., & Greene, J. (2008b). Comparing the psychometric properties of multiple teacher report instruments as predictors of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 64, 382–401. doi:10.1002/jclp.20462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Freeman, A. J., & Jenkins, M. M. (2009). The assessment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(2), 353–390 viii-ix. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2008.12.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Jenkins, M. M., Jensen-Doss, A., & Youngstrom, J. K. (2012). Evidence-based assessment strategies for pediatric bipolar disorder. Israel Journal of Psychiatry & Related Sciences, 49, 15–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Choukas-Bradley, S., Calhoun, C. D., & Jensen-Doss, A. (2014). Clinical guide to the evidence-based assessment approach to diagnosis and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.12.005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Youngstrom, E. A., Genzlinger, J., Egerton, G., & Van Meter, A. R. (2015). Multivariate meta-analysis of the discriminative validity of caregiver, youth and teacher rating scales for pediatric bipolar disorder: mother knows best about mania. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 3(1), 112–137. doi:10.1037/arc0000024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X., Obuchowski, N. A., & McClish, D. K. (2011). Statistical methods in diagnostic medicine. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, CB #3270, Davie Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3270, USA

    Mian-Li Ong, Eric A. Youngstrom & Tate F. Halverson

  2. Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119077, Singapore

    Jesselyn Jia-Xin Chua

  3. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University, New York, NY, USA

    Sarah M. Horwitz

  4. Statistical Research Consultants, LLC, Charlotte, NC, USA

    Amy Storfer-Isser

  5. Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 2049 E 100th St, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA

    Thomas W. Frazier

  6. Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Mary A. Fristad

  7. Research Unit on Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    L. Eugene Arnold

  8. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Mary L. Phillips & Boris Birmaher

  9. Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA

    Robert A. Kowatch

  10. Department of Psychiatry, Kennedy Krieger Institute, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA

    Robert L. Findling

Authors
  1. Mian-Li Ong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Eric A. Youngstrom
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jesselyn Jia-Xin Chua
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tate F. Halverson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sarah M. Horwitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Amy Storfer-Isser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Thomas W. Frazier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mary A. Fristad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. L. Eugene Arnold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Mary L. Phillips
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Boris Birmaher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Robert A. Kowatch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Robert L. Findling
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

the LAMS Group

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eric A. Youngstrom.

Ethics declarations

Funding

This study was funded in part by National Institutes of Health (grant number NIH R01 MH073967; PI: R.L. Findling).

Conflict of Interest

Mian-Li Ong declares that he has no conflict of interest. Eric Youngstrom has consulted with Pearson, Western Psychological Services, Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck and Otsuka about psychological assessment. Jesselyn Jia-Xin Chua declares that she has no conflict of interest. Tate Halverson declares that she has no conflict of interest. Sarah Horwitz declares that she has no conflict of interest. Amy Storfer-Isser declares that she has no conflict of interest. Thomas Frazier has received federal funding or research support from, acted as a consultant to, received travel support from, and/or received a speaker’s honorarium from the Cole Family Research Fund, Simons Foundation, Ingalls Foundation, Forest Laboratories, Ecoeos, IntegraGen, Kugona LLC, Shire Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, National Institutes of Health, and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. Mary Fristad receives royalties from American Psychiatric Press, CFPSI and Guilford Press and honoraria from American Occupational Therapy Association and Physicians’ Post-Graduate Press. Eugene Arnold has received research funding from Curemark, Forest, Lilly, Neuropharm, Novartis, Noven, Shire, and YoungLiving (as well as NIH and Autism Speaks) and has consulted with or been on advisory boards for Arbor, Gowlings, Neuropharm, Novartis, Noven, Organon, Otsuka, Pfizer, Roche, Seaside Therapeutics, Sigma Tau, Shire, Tris Pharma, and Waypoint and received travel support from Noven. Mary Phillips is a consultant for Roche Pharmaceuticals. Robert Kowatch declares that he has no conflict of interest. Robert Findling receives or has received research support, acted as a consultant and/or served on a speaker’s bureau for Alcobra, American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, American Physician Institute, American Psychiatric Press, AstraZeneca, Bracket, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CogCubed, Cognition Group, Coronado Biosciences, Dana Foundation, Elsevier, Forest, GlaxoSmithKline, Guilford Press, Johns Hopkins University Press, Johnson and Johnson, Jubilant Clinsys, KemPharm, Lilly, Lundbeck, Merck, NIH, Neurim, Novartis, Noven, Otsuka, Oxford University Press, Pfizer, Physicians Postgraduate Press, Purdue, Rhodes Pharmaceuticals, Roche, Sage, Shire, Sunovion, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Transcept Pharmaceuticals, Validus, and WebMD.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

This research was supported in part by NIH R01 MH073967 (Coordinating PI: R.L. Findling).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ong, ML., Youngstrom, E.A., Chua, J.JX. et al. Comparing the CASI-4R and the PGBI-10 M for Differentiating Bipolar Spectrum Disorders from Other Outpatient Diagnoses in Youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 45, 611–623 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0182-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0182-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation