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Assessing Stress in Zoo-Housed Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Using Allostatic Load

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Abstract

Stress contributes to the development of chronic degenerative diseases in primates. Allostatic load is an estimate of stress-induced physiological dysregulation based on an index of multiple biomarkers. It has been applied to humans to measure effects of stress and predict health outcomes. Assessing allostatic load in nonhuman primates may aid in understanding factors promoting compromised health and longevity in captive populations, as well as risk assessment among wild populations following human activities. We applied an allostatic load index to gorillas housed at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium (N = 27, 1956–2014) using data from medical records and biomarkers from banked serum. We estimated allostatic load using seven biomarkers (albumin, cortisol, corticotropin-releasing hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, glucose, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) and then examined this index for associations with age, sex, number of stressful events, parturition, physiological health measures, and age at death. Stressful events were defined as agonistic interactions with wounding, translocations, and anesthetizations. Allostatic load positively associated with age and total number of lifetime stressful events. Allostatic load was significantly higher in females than in males. Allostatic load was not associated with number of pregnancies and was not different between nulliparous and parous females. Allostatic load associated positively with serum creatinine and triglyceride levels, showed a nonsignificant negative association with cholesterol, and did not associate significantly with age at death. These results demonstrate the potential utility of allostatic load for exploring long-term stress and health risks, as well as for evaluating environmental stressors for gorillas and other nonhuman primates in captivity and in the wild.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Michelle Forman and Rebecca Makii for their assistance in recording information from keeper and medical records. This research would not have been possible without the assistance of veterinarians, keepers, and staff at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. We also thank two anonymous reviewers, the associate editor, and the editor-in-chief for their constructive feedback on earlier versions of this manuscript. Partial funding for this research was provided by The Ohio State University Department of Anthropology. The authors have no conflicts of interest.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA

    Ashley N. Edes & Douglas E. Crews

  2. Morris Animal Foundation, Denver, Colorado, 80246, USA

    Barbara A. Wolfe

  3. Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA

    Barbara A. Wolfe

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  1. Ashley N. Edes
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Correspondence to Ashley N. Edes.

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Edes, A.N., Wolfe, B.A. & Crews, D.E. Assessing Stress in Zoo-Housed Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Using Allostatic Load. Int J Primatol 37, 241–259 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-016-9899-8

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