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Gastrointestinal Parasites of Savanna Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Ugalla, Tanzania

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Abstract

Understanding variability in patterns of parasite infections requires studies of multiple populations inhabiting a variety of habitats. Gastrointestinal parasites of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been studied extensively at several forested sites, but the parasite fauna of chimpanzees living in dry, open habitats is less well known. We studied the parasites of savanna chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) living in the Issa Valley, Ugalla (Tanzania). We examined 119 fresh fecal samples using standard coproscopical methods. We detected protozoans including Blastocystis sp., Entamoeba coli, E. histolytica/dispar, Iodamoeba buetschlii, Troglodytella abrassarti, and Troglocorys cava, but only two types of spirurid nematodes among the helminths. The parasites of the Ugalla chimpanzees differ from those of forest chimpanzees in the absence of Strongyloides sp. and strongylid nematodes and a high prevalence of spirurids. Strongylids and Strongyloides sp. have thin-shelled eggs and larvae, which develop in the external environment; thus they may not be able to survive for prolonged periods in the extreme environment of Ugalla. The Ugalla chimpanzees also live at a lower population density and exhibit a larger home range than forest chimpanzees, factors that may lead to lower exposure to infective nematode larvae. Spirurid eggs, however, have thick shells and a life cycle dependent on intermediary hosts, making their survival and transmission in such extreme conditions more feasible. These differences between parasite fauna of closed and open forest chimpanzees contribute to our understanding of the ecology of infectious disease, and have the potential to contribute to conservation policies and practices.

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Acknowledgments

This publication is an outcome of the HPI-lab/Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Common to Human and Non-Human Primates. We thank the following granting agencies for their generous support of this research. Research in Czech Republic was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (206/09/0927), grant of the Internal Grant Agency of UVPS (no. 1230-21-IG121231) and by institutional support of Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (RVO:68081766). Research at Ugalla has been supported by the Carnegie Trust of Scotland, LSB Leakey Foundation, National Science Foundation, Royal Anthropological Institute, Wenner Gren Foundation, and the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), University of California, San Diego. We express our gratitude to the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, and all Ugalla Primate Project field assistants for support and assistance with sample collection. A. K. Piel and F. A. Stewart also express their gratitude to Jim Moore and Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar for their continued collaboration in and support of research at Issa, Ugalla. We thank Hideo Hasegawa for advice in identification and Kathryn A. Shutt for her valuable help and constructive criticism during the writing of the paper. We thank Jessica M. Rothman, Joanna Setchell, and all reviewers for valuable advice and significant improvement of the manuscript.

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  1. Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic

    Barbora Kalousová, Kateřina Pomajbíková, David Modrý & Klára J. Petrželková

  2. Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic

    Barbora Kalousová

  3. Department of Anthropology, University of California, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA

    Alexander K. Piel

  4. Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3QG, U.K.

    Alexander K. Piel & Fiona A. Stewart

  5. Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

    Kateřina Pomajbíková, David Modrý & Klára J. Petrželková

  6. Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic

    Klára J. Petrželková

  7. Liberec Zoo, 460 01, Liberec, Czech Republic

    Klára J. Petrželková

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  1. Barbora Kalousová
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Correspondence to Barbora Kalousová.

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Kalousová, B., Piel, A.K., Pomajbíková, K. et al. Gastrointestinal Parasites of Savanna Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Ugalla, Tanzania. Int J Primatol 35, 463–475 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-014-9753-9

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