Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of Lasting High Levels of CRP among the Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

  • Published:
Inflammation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

“Low-grade” systemic inflammation is common findings in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). When we assessed 256 MetS patients, we found eight patients who presented high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) which are between 40 and 15 mg/L for more than 3 years. They have not satisfied any criteria of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and the area of visceral fat estimated by computed tomography was more than 200 cm2. All the other MetS patients of visceral fat over 200 cm2 presented low levels of CRP which are less than 10 mg/L. Insulin resistance and ultrasound study of carotid plaques showed no differences between high and low levels of CRP patients. There are a series of MetS patients who show high levels of CRP without clinical symptoms of inflammatory diseases. High levels of CRP merely cannot be explained by visceral fat area, insulin resistance, or carotid plaques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. Adams, K.F., A. Schatzkin, T.B. Harris, V. Kipnis, T. Mouw, R. Ballard-Barbash, A. Hollenbeck, and M.F. Leitzmann. 2006. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. The New England Journal of Medicine 355: 763–778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Reaven, G.M. 1988. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37: 1595–607.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Strandberg, T.E., and R.S. Tilvis. 2000. C-reactive protein, cardiovascular risk factors, and mortality in a prospective study in the elderly. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 20: 1057–1060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Grundy, S.M., H.B. Brewer Jr., J.I. Cleeman, S.C. Smith Jr., C. Lenfant, and American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 2004. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 109: 433–438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Festa, A., R. D’Agostino Jr., G. Howard, L. Mykkänen, R.P. Tracy, and S.M. Haffner. 2000. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation 102: 42–47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Weiss, R., J. Dziura, T.S. Burgert, W.V. Tamborlane, S.E. Taksali, C.W. Yeckel, K. Allen, M. Lopes, M. Savoye, J. Morrison, R.S. Sherwin, and S. Caprio. 2004. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. The New England Journal of Medicine 350: 2362–2374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Yudkin, J.S., C.D. Stehouwer, J.J. Emeis, and S.W. Coppack. 1999. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 19: 972–978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ross, R. 1999. Atherosclerosis—an inflammatory disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 340: 115–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ridker, P.M., C.H. Hennekens, J.E. Buring, and N. Rifai. 2000. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. The New England Journal of Medicine 342: 836–843.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wärnberg, J., E. Nova, L.A. Moreno, J. Romeo, M.I. Mesana, J.R. Ruiz, F.B. Ortega, M. Sjöström, M. Bueno, A. Marcos, and AVENA Study Group. 2006. Inflammatory proteins are related to total and abdominal adiposity in a healthy adolescent population: the AVENA Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84: 505–512.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Tracy, R.P. 1998. Inflammation in cardiovascular disease: cart, horse, or both? Circulation 97: 2000–2002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lemieux, I., A. Pascot, D. Prud’homme, N. Alméras, P. Bogaty, A. Nadeau, J. Bergeron, and J.P. Després. 2001. Elevated C-reactive protein: another component of the atherothrombotic profile of abdominal obesity. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 21: 961–967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Campos, S.P., and H. Baumann. 1992. Insulin is a prominent modulator of the cytokine-stimulated expression of acute-phase plasma protein genes. Molecular and Cellular Biology 12: 1789–1797.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Berg, A.H., and P.E. Scherer. 2005. Adipose tissue, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation Research 96: 939–949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bahia, L., L.G. Aguiar, N. Villela, D. Bottino, A.F. Godoy-Matos, B. Geloneze, M. Tambascia, and E. Bouskela. 2006. Relationship between adipokines, inflammation, and vascular reactivity in lean controls and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Clinics (São Paulo, Brazil) 61(5): 433–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Schrager, M.A., E.J. Metter, E. Simonsick, A. Ble, S. Bandinelli, F. Lauretani, and L. Ferrucci. 2007. Sarcopenic obesity and inflammation in the InCHIANTI study. Journal of Applied Physiology 102: 919–925.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yoshizumi, T., T. Nakamura, M. Yamane, A.H. Islam, M. Menju, K. Yamasaki, T. Arai, K. Kotani, T. Funahashi, S. Yamashita, and Y. Matsuzawa. 1999. Abdominal fat: standardized technique for measurement at CT. Radiology 211: 283–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Piekarski, J., H.I. Goldberg, S.A. Royal, L. Axel, and A.A. Moss. 1980. Difference between liver and spleen CT numbers in the normal adult: its usefulness in predicting the presence of diffuse liver disease. Radiology 137: 727–729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Meng, Y.X., E.S. Ford, C. Li, A. Quarshie, A.M. Al-Mahmoud, W. Giles, G.H. Gibbons, and G. Strayhorn. 2007. Association of C-reactive protein with surrogate measures of insulin resistance among nondiabetic US from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002. Clinical Chemistry 53: 2152–2159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gabay, C., and I. Kushner. 1999. Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. The New England Journal of Medicine 340: 448–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Arnett, F.C., S.M. Edworthy, D.A. Bloch, D.J. McShane, J.F. Fries, N.S. Cooper, L.A. Healey, S.R. Kaplan, M.H. Liang, H.S. Luthra, T.A. Medsger Jr., D.M. Mitchell, D.H. Neustadt, R.S. Pinals, J.G. Schaller, J.T. Sharp, R.L. Wilder, and G.G. Hunder. 1988. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism 31: 315–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Boynton, A., M.L. Neuhouser, M.H. Wener, B. Wood, B. Sorensen, Z. Chen-Levy, E.A. Kirk, Y. Yasui, K. Lacroix, A. McTiernan, and C.M. Ulrich. 2007. Associations between healthy eating patterns and immune function or inflammation in overweight or obese postmenopausal women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86: 1445–1455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Panagiotakos, D.B., C. Pitsavos, M. Yannakoulia, C. Chrysohoou, and C. Stefanadis. 2005. The implication of obesity and central fat on markers of chronic inflammation: the ATTICA study. Atherosclerosis 183: 308–315.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kopp, H.P., C.W. Kopp, A. Festa, K. Krzyzanowska, S. Kriwanek, E. Minar, R. Roka, and G. Schernthaner. 2003. Impact of weight loss on inflammatory proteins and their association with the insulin resistance syndrome in morbidly obese patients. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 23: 1042–1047.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Zuliani, G., S. Volpato, M. Galvani, A. Blè, S. Bandinelli, A.M. Corsi, F. Lauretani, M. Maggio, J.M. Guralnik, R. Fellin, and L. Ferrucci. 2009. Elevated C-reactive protein levels and metabolic syndrome in the elderly: the role of central obesity data from the InChianti study. Atherosclerosis 203: 626–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Spector, T.D., D.J. Hart, D. Nandra, D.V. Doyle, N. Mackillop, J.R. Gallimore, and M.B. Pepys. 1997. Low-level increases in serum C-reactive protein are present in early osteoarthritis of the knee and predict progressive disease. Arthritis and Rheumatism 40: 723–727.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ridker, P.M., M. Cushman, M.J. Stampfer, R.P. Tracy, and C.H. Hennekens. 1997. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. The New England Journal of Medicine 336: 973–979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kluft, C., M.P. de Maat, J.A. Gevers Leuven, B.J. Potter van Loon, and M.F. Mohrschladt. 1999. Statins and C-reactive protein. Lancet 1353: 1274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Sarzi-Puttini, P., F. Atzeni, Y. Shoenfeld, and G. Ferraccioli. 2005. TNF-alpha, rheumatoid arthritis, and heart failure: a rheumatological dilemma. Autoimmunity Reviews 4: 153–161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shiraishi Hospital, Matsumoto-cho 1-5-9, Imabari City, Ehime, 794-0041, Japan

    Osamu Saiki, Nozomi Kikuchi & Sanshirou Shiraishi

  2. Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino 3-7-10, Habikino City, Osaka, 583-8555, Japan

    Makihiko Kuhara

  3. Keiseikai Hospital, Takadono-cho 20-29, Higashiosaka City, Osaka, 579-8036, Japan

    Hiroshi Uda

Authors
  1. Osamu Saiki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Makihiko Kuhara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nozomi Kikuchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sanshirou Shiraishi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hiroshi Uda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Osamu Saiki.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Saiki, O., Kuhara, M., Kikuchi, N. et al. Evaluation of Lasting High Levels of CRP among the Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Inflammation 35, 730–735 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-011-9368-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-011-9368-7

KEY WORDS

Search

Navigation