Abstract
A seasonal cycle longer than one year is exceptional both among marine and freshwater zooplankton, but occurs widely in the freshwater cyclopoid Cyclops scutiferSars. This paper presents the life cycle of this species in eight North American populations in lakes from 42° to 69° N. Five of the populations had life cycles showing a combination of a one and two year cycle. Two populations had a 1-year cycle, and the southernmost had a combination of a 0.5-year and a 1-year cycle. Lengths of cycles increased with latitude and thus inversely with the temperature. Populations in all lakes were divided into a direct and a delayed line of development. Diapause was not documented in any of the lakes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Axelson (1961) On the dimorphism in Cyclops scutifer (Sars) and the eyelomorphosis in Daphnia galeata (Sars) Report Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm 169–182
K. Elgmork (1959) ArticleTitleSeasonal occurrence of Cyclops strenuus strenuus in relation to environment in small water bodies in southern Norway Folia Limnologica Scandinavica 11 1–196
K. Elgmork (1962a) ArticleTitleA bottom sampler for soft mud Hydrobiologia 20 167–172
K. Elgmork (1962b) ArticleTitleA bottom resting stage in the planktonic freshwater copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars Oikos 13 306–310
K. Elgmork (1967) ArticleTitleOn the distribution and ecology of Cyclops scutifer Sars in New England (Copepoda, Crustacea) Ecology 48 967–971
Elgmork, K. 1980. Evolutionary aspects of diapause in freshwater copepods. In Kerfoot, W. C. (ed.), Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities. University Press of New England, 411--417.
K. Elgmork (1981) ArticleTitleExtraordinary prolongation of the life cycle in a freshwater planktonic copepod Holarctic Ecology 4 278–290
K. Elgmork (1985) ArticleTitleProlonged life cycles in the planktonic copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars Verhandlungen Internationale Verein für Limnologie 22 3154–3158
K. Elgmork (1991) ArticleTitleWinter reproduction strategies in freshwater cyclopoids Verhandlungen Internationale Verein für Limnologie 24 2844–2846
K. Elgmork (1996) ArticleTitleVariation in torpidity of diapause in freshwater cyclopoid copepods International Conference on Diapause. Hydrobiologia 320 63–70
K. Elgmork J. A. Eie (1989) ArticleTitleTwo-and three-year life cycles in the planktonic copepod Cyclops scutifer in two high mountain lakes Holarctic Ecology 12 60–69
K. Elgmork G. Halvorsen J. A. Eie A. Langeland (1990) ArticleTitleCoexistence with similar life cycles in two species of freshwater copepods (Crustacea) Hydrobiologia 208 187–199
K. Elgmork G. Halvorsen (1998) ArticleTitleIntraspecific morphological variation in a freshwater copepod (Crustacea) in relation to geographic distribution and environment Canadian Journal of Zoology 76 751–762
K. Elgmork S. Lie (1998) ArticleTitleDiapause in the life cycle of Cyclops scutifer (Copepoda) in a meromictic lake and the problem of termination by an internal clock Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Special Issues, Advances in Limnology 52 371–381
K. Elgmork A. L. Langeland (1970) ArticleTitleThe number of naupliar␣instars in Cyclopoida (Copepoda) Crustaceana 18 277–282 Occurrence Handle10.1080/11250008809386766
K. Elgmork A. Langeland (1980) ArticleTitleCyclops scutifer Sars – one and two-year life cycles with diapause in the meromictic lake Blankvatn Archiv für Hydrobiologie 88 178–201
K. Elgmork J. P. Nilssen T. Broch R. Øvrevik (1978) ArticleTitleLife cycle strategies in neighbouring populations of the copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars Verhandlungen Internationale Verein für Limnologie 20 2518–2523
H. Fullard H. C. Darby (1970) Gyldendal’s World Atlas Gyldendal Norsk Forlag Oslo
G. Halvorsen K. Elgmork (1976) ArticleTitleVertical distribution and seasonal cycle of Cyclops scutifer Sars (Crustacea, Copepoda) in two oligotrophic lakes in southern Norway Norwegian Journal of Zoology 24 143–160
Krylov, P. I., V. R. Alekseev & O. A. Frenkel, 1996. Feeding and digestive activity of cyclopoid copepods in active diapause. In Alekseev, V. R & Fryer, G. (eds). Diapause in the Crustacea, Hydrobiologia 320: 71--79.
I. I. Kurenkov (1973) ArticleTitleThe biological cycles of pelagic copepods␣in the lakes of Kamchatka Hydrobiologia 43 39–44
T. Lindström (1952) Sur l’écologie du zooplankton Crustacé Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm 70–165
T. Lindström (1958) Observations sur les cycles annuels des plancton crustacés Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm 99–145
T. Lötmarker (1964) Studies on planktonic crustacea in thirteen lakes in northern Sweden Institute of Freshwater Research Drottningholm 113–189
I. A. McLaren (1961) ArticleTitleA biennial copepod from Lake Hazen, Ellesmere Island Nature 189 774
I. A. McLaren (1964) ArticleTitleZooplankton of Lake Hazen, Ellesmere Island, and a nearby pond, with special reference to the copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars Canadian Journal of Zoology 42 613–629
J. P. Nilssen K. Elgmork (1977) ArticleTitleCyclops abyssorum – life cycle dynamics and habitat selection Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol. 34 197–238
I. A. Nosova (1970) ArticleTitleLife cycle of Cyclops scutifer Sars (Copepoda, Cyclopoidea) from Kuril Lake (South Kamchatka) Inst. morsk. ryb. Khoz. Okeanograf. 3 82–92
E. B. Reed (1963) Records of freshwater Crustacea from Artic and Subarctic Canada National Museum of Canada Bulletin 29–62
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Elgmork, K. Life cycles of the freshwater, planktonic copepod Cyclops scutifer Sars on a north–south gradient in North America. Hydrobiologia 529, 37–48 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-4945-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-4945-5