Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Renal dysfunction in acute and chronic heart failure: prevalence, incidence and prognosis

  • Published:
Heart Failure Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Most patients with heart failure have mild or moderate renal dysfunction. This reflects the combined impact of chronic renal parenchymal disease, renal artery disease, renal congestion and hypoperfusion, neuroendocrine and cytokine activation and the effects of treatments for heart failure. Remarkably, with good treatment, the average annual rate of decline in renal function is similar in patients with chronic heart failure and healthy people of a similar age. Urea appears to be a stronger marker of an adverse prognosis than creatinine-based measures of renal function. Recent evidence suggests that minor, transient increases in creatinine in the setting of acute heart failure are not prognostically important but persistent deterioration does indicate a higher mortality. The poor prognosis of patients with worsening renal function ensures that few require renal dialysis but this may change as methods to prevent sudden death improve and new ways are found to control fluid congestion. Reversing renal dysfunction and stopping its progression remain important targets for treatment of heart failure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Damman K, Navis G, Voors AA, Assmann SF, Smilde TDJ, Cleland JG, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege H (2007) Worsening renal function and prognosis in heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Card Fail 13:599–608

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. House AA, Anand I, Bellomo R, Cruz D, Bobek I, Anker SD, Aspromonte N, Bagshaw S, Berl T, Daliento L, Davenport A, Haapio M, Hillege H, McCullough P, Katz N, Maisel A, Mankad S, Zanco P, Mebazaa A, Palazzuoli A, Ronco F, Shaw A, Sheinfeld G, Soni S, Vescovo G, Zamperetti N, Ponikowski P, Ronco C (2010) Definition and classification of cardio-renal syndromes: workgroup statements from the 7th ADQI consensus conference. Nephrol Dial Transplant 25(5):1416–1420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Smilde TDJ, Van Veldhuisen D, Navis G, Voors AA, Hillege HL (2006) Drawbacks and prognostic value of formulas estimating renal function in patients with chronic heart failure and systolic dysfunction. Circulation 114:1572–1580

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lassus J, Harjola VP, Sund R, Siirila-Waris K, Melin J, Peuhkurinen K, Pulkki K, Nieminen MS (2007) Prognostic value of cystatin C in acute heart failure in relation to other markers of renal function and NT-proBNP. Eur Heart J 28(15):1841–1847

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Alehagen U, Dahlstrom U, Lindahl TL (2009) Cystatin C and NT-proBNP, a powerful combination of biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with heart failure: results from a 10-year study in primary care. Eur J Heart Fail 11(4):354–360

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Shenkman HJ, Zareba W, Bisognano JD (2007) Comparison of prognostic significance of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide versus blood urea nitrogen for predicting events in patients hospitalized for heart failure. Am J Cardiol 99(8):1143–1145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Filippatos G, Rossi J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Stough WG, Ouyang J, Shin DD, O’Connor C, Adams KF, Orlandi C, Gheorghiade M (2007) Prognostic value of blood urea nitrogen in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: insights from the acute and chronic therapeutic impact of a vasopressin antagonist in chronic heart failure (ACTIV in CHF) study. J Card Fail 13(5):360–364

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Cauthen CA, Lipinski MJ, Abbate A, Appleton D, Nusca A, Varma A, Goudreau E, Cowley MJ, Vetrovec GW (2008) Relation of blood urea nitrogen to long-term mortality in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 101(11):1643–1647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kazory A (2010) Emergence of blood urea nitrogen as a biomarker of neurohormonal activation in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 106(5):694–700

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Schrier RW (2008) Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine: not married in heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 1(1):2–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lin HJ, Chao CL, Chien KL, Ho YL, Lee CM, Lin YH, Wu YW, Hsu RB, Chou NK, Wang SS, Chen CY, Chen MF (2009) Elevated blood urea nitrogen-to-creatinine ratio increased the risk of hospitalization and all-cause death in patients with chronic heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 98(8):487–492

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Campbell CY, Clarke W, Park H, Haq N, Barone BB, Brotman DJ (2009) Usefulness of cystatin C and prognosis following admission for acute heart failure. Am J Cardiol 104(3):389–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. de Silva R, Nikitin NP, Bhandari S, Nicholson A, Clark AL, Cleland JGF (2005) Atherosclerotic renovascular disease in chronic heart failure: should we intervene? Eur Heart J 26(16):1596–1605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Damman K, Voors AA, Hillege HL, Navis G, Lechat P, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Dargie HJ (2010) Congestion in chronic systolic heart failure is related to renal dysfunction and increased mortality. Eur J Heart Fail 2(9):974–982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Damman K, van Deursen VM, Navis G, Voors AA, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL (2009) Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(7):582–588

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Magrini F, Niarchos AP (1983) Hemodynamic effects of massive peripheral edema. Am Heart J 105(1):90–97

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Niarchos AP, Magrini F (1982) Hemodynamic effects of diuretics in patients with marked peripheral edema and mild hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 31(3):370–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Magrini F, Niarchos AP (1980) Ineffectiveness of sublingual nitroglycerin in acute left ventricular failure in the presence of massive peripheral edema. Am J Cardiol 45(4):841–847

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Doty JM, Saggi BH, Blocher CR, Fakhry I, Gehr T, Sica D, Sugerman HJ (2000) Effects of increased renal parenchymal pressure on renal function. J Trauma 48(5):874–877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Doty JM, Saggi BH, Sugerman HJ, Blocher CR, Pin R, Fakhry I, Gehr TW, Sica DA (1999) Effect of increased renal venous pressure on renal function. J Trauma 47(6):1000–1003

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Tang WH (2008) Prompt reduction in intra-abdominal pressure following large-volume mechanical fluid removal improves renal insufficiency in refractory decompensated heart failure. J Card Fail 14(6):508–514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Skouri HN, Francis GS, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Paganini E, Tang WH (2008) Elevated intra-abdominal pressure in acute decompensated heart failure: a potential contributor to worsening renal function? J Am Coll Cardiol 51(3):300–306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Cleland JGF, Gillen G, Dargie HJ (1988) The effects of frusemide and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and their combination on cardiac and renal haemodynamics in heart failure. Eur Heart J 9(2):132–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Cleland JGF, Dargie HJ (1987) Heart failure, renal function, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Kidney Int 31:S220–S228

    Google Scholar 

  25. Cowburn PJ, Cleland JGF, McArthur JD, MacLean MR, McMurray JV, Dargie HJ, Morton JJ (1999) Endothelin receptors are functionally important in mediating vasoconstriction in the systemic circulation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 33(4):932–938

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cowburn P, Cleland JGF, McDonagh T, McArthur JD, Dargie HJ, Morton JJ (2005) Comparison of selective ET(A) and ET(B) receptor antagonists in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 7(1):37–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Massie BM, O’Connor CM, Metra M, Ponikowski P, Teerlink JR, Cotter G, Davison Weatherley B, Cleland JGF, Givertz MM, Voors AA, DeLucca PT, Mansoor GA, Salerno CM, Bloomfield DM, Dittrich HC, for the PROTECT Investigators and Committees (2010) Rolofylline, an adenosine A1-receptor antagonist, in acute heart failure. N Engl J Med 363:1419–1428

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Metra M, Cleland JG, Weatherley BD, Dittrich HC, Givertz MM, Massie BM, O’Connor C, Ponikowski P, Teerlink JR, Voors AA, Cotter G (2010) Dyspnoea in patients with acute heart failure: an analysis of its clinical course, determinants and relationship to 60-day outcomes in the PROTECT pilot study. Eur J Heart Fail 12(5):499–507

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. de Boer RA, Voors AA, Muntendam P, van Gilst W, Van Veldhuisen D (2009) Galectin-3: a novel mediator of heart failure development and progression. Eur J Heart Fail 11:811–817

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Good JM, Peters M, Wilkins M, Jackson N, Oakley CM, Cleland JGF (1995) Renal response to candoxatrilat in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 25(6):1273–1281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cleland JG, Coletta AP, Buga L, Antony R, Pellicori P, Freemantle N, Clark AL (2011) Clinical trials update from the American heart association meeting 2010: EMPHASIS-HF, RAFT, TIM-HF, Tele-HF, ASCEND-HF, ROCKET-AF, and PROTECT. Eur J Heart Fail 13(4):460–465

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cleland JGF, John J, Houghton T (2001) Does aspirin attenuate the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension or heart failure? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 10:625–631

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cleland JGF, Findlay I, Jafri S, Sutton G, Falk R, Bulpitt C, Prentice C, Ford I, Trainer A, Poole-Wilson PA (2004) The warfarin/aspirin study in heart failure (WASH): a randomized trial comparing antithrombotic strategies for patients with heart failure. Am Heart J 148:157–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Davie AP, Love MP, McMurray JJV (2000) Even low-dose aspirin inhibits arachidonic acid-induced vasodilatation in heart failure. Clin Pharm Ther 67:530–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ix JH, Shlipak MG, Chertow GM, Whooley MA (2007) Association of cystatin C with mortality, cardiovascular events, and incident heart failure among persons with coronary heart disease: data from the heart and soul study. Circulation 115(2):173–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sarnak MJ, Katz R, Stehman-Breen CO, Fried LF, Jenny NS, Psaty BM, Newman AB, Siscovick D, Shlipak MG (2005) Cystatin C concentration as a risk factor for heart failure in older adults. Ann Intern Med 142(7):497–505

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. De Silva R, Loh PH, Rigby AS, Nikitin NP, Witte KK, Goode K, Bhandari S, Nicholson A, Clark AL, Cleland JG (2007) Epidemiology, associated factors and prognostic outcomes of renal artery stenosis in chronic heart failure assessed by magnetic resonance angiography. Am J Cardiol 100(2):273–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bourantas CV, Loh HP, Tweddel AC, de Silva R, Ettles DP, Nikitin NP, Clark AL, Cleland JG (2011) Atherosclerotic disease of the aorta and its branches: prognostic implications in patients with heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 56(34):123–156

    Google Scholar 

  39. de Silva R, Nikitin NP, Witte KK, Rigby AS, Loh H, Nicholson A, Bhandari S, Clark AL, Cleland JG (2007) Effects of applying a standardised management algorithm for moderate to severe renal dysfunction in patients with chronic stable heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 9:415–423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. The SOLVD Investigators (1992) Effect on enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 327:685–691

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, Coats AJ, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Staiger C, Holcslaw TL, Amann-Zalan I, DeMets DL, Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival COPERNICUS) Study Group (2002) Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation 106(17):2194–2199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Witte J (1999) The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 341(10):709–717

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Butler J, Forman DE, Abraham WT, Gottlieb SS, Loh E, Massie BM, O’Connor CM, Rich MW, Stevenson LW, Wang Y, Young JB, Krumholz HM (2004) Relationship between heart failure treatment and development of worsening renal function among hospitalized patients. Am Heart J 147:331–338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Elkayam U, Mehra A, Cohen G, Tummala PP, Karalp IS, Wani OR, Canetti M (1998) Renal circulatory effects of adenosine in patients with chronic heart failure. JACC 32:211–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cleland JG, Coletta AP, Buga L, Ahmed D, Clark AL (2010) Clinical trials update from the American college of cardiology meeting 2010: DOSE, ASPIRE, CONNECT, STICH, STOP-AF, CABANA, RACE II, EVEREST II, ACCORD and NAVIGATOR. Eur J Heart Fail 12(6):623–629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Felker GM, Lee KL, Bull DA, Redfield MM, Stevenson LW, Goldsmith SR, LeWinter MM, Deswal A, Rouleau JL, Ofili EO, Anstrom KJ, Hernandez AF, McNulty SE, Velazquez EJ, Kfoury AG, Chen HH, Givertz MM, Semigran MJ, Bart BA, Mascette AM, Braunwald E, O’Connor CM (2011) Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. N Engl J Med 364(9):797–805

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, Jessup ML, Bart BA, Teerlink JR, Jaski BE, Fang JC, Feller ED, Haas GJ, Anderson AS, Schollmeyer MP, Sobotka PA, for the UNLOAD Trial Investigators (2007) Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 49:675–683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gheorghiade M, Konstam MA, Burnett JC, Grinfeld L, Maggioni AP, Swedberg K, Udelson JE, Zannad F, Cook T, Ouyang J, Zimmer C, Orlandi C, Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators (2007) Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST clinical status trials. JAMA 297(12):1332–1343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Sackner-Bernstein JD, Kowalski M, Fox M, Aaronson K (2005) Short-term risk of death after treatment with nesiritide for decompensated heart failure: a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 293:1900–1905

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Cleland JGF, Ghosh J, Tavazzi L, Freemantle N, Marijianowski M, Kappenberger L, Gras D, Daubert J-C (2006) The effect of CRT on blood pressure, renal function and anaemia in patients with heart failure and cardiac dyssynchrony. Eur J Heart Fail 8(suppl):19

    Google Scholar 

  51. Al AZ, Abbas S, Moore E, Diallo O, Hauptman PJ, Bastani B (2005) The natural history of renal function following orthotopic heart transplant. Clin Transpl 19(5):683–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Demirozu ZT, Etheridge WB, Radovancevic R, Frazier OH (2011) Results of heartmate II left ventricular assist device implantation on renal function in patients requiring post-implant renal replacement therapy. J Heart Lung Transpl 30(2):182–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Fonarow GC, Adams KF Jr, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ (2005) Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis. JAMA 293(5):572–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Abraham WT, Fonarow GC, Albert NM, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, O’Connor CM, Sun JL, Yancy CW, Young JB (2008) Predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients hospitalized for heart failure: insights from the organized program to initiate lifesaving treatment in hospitalized patients with heart failure (OPTIMIZE-HF). J Am Coll Cardiol 52(5):347–356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Lee DS, Austin PC, Rouleau JL, Liu PP, Naimark D, Tu JV (2003) Predicting mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure: derivation and validation of a clinical model. JAMA 290(19):2581–2587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Heywood JT, Fonarow GC, Costanzo MR, Mathur VS, Wigneswaran JR, Wynne J (2007) High prevalence of renal dysfunction and its impact on outcome in 118,465 patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure: a report from the ADHERE database. J Card Fail 13(6):422–430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Cleland JGF, Swedberg K, Follath F, Komajda M, Cohen-Solal A, Aguilar JC, Dietz R, Gavazzi A, Hobbs R, Korewicki J, Madeira HC, Moiseyev VS, Preda I, Van Gilst WH, Widimsky J, for the Study Group on Diagnosis of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology, Freemantle N, Eastaugh J, Mason J (2003) The EuroHeart failure survey programme: survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis. Eur Heart J 24:422–463

    Google Scholar 

  58. Harjola VP, Follath F, Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Hochadel M, Komajda M, Lopez-Sendon JL, Ponikowski P, Tavazzi L (2010) Characteristics, outcomes, and predictors of mortality at 3 months and 1 year in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 12(3):239–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Fonarow GC, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Stough WG, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, O’Connor CM, Pieper K, Sun JL, Yancy CW, Young JB (2008) Factors identified as precipitating hospital admissions for heart failure and clinical outcomes: findings from OPTIMIZE-HF. Arch Intern Med 168(8):847–854

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kociol RD, Greiner MA, Hammill BG, Phatak H, Fonarow GC, Curtis LH, Hernandez AF (2010) Long-term outcomes of medicare beneficiaries with worsening renal function during hospitalization for heart failure. Am J Cardiol 105(12):1786–1793

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Smith GL, Vaccarino V, Kosiborod M, Lichtman JH, Cheng S, Watnick SG, Krumholz HM (2003) Worsening renal function: what is a clinically meaningful change in creatinine during hospitalization with heart failure? J Card Fail 9(1):13–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Krumholz HM, Chen YT, Vaccarino V, Wang Y, Radford MJ, Bradford WD, Horwitz RI (2000) Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients ≥65 years of age with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 85(9):1110–1113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Forman DE, Butler J, Wang Y, Abraham WT, O’Connor CM, Gottlieb SS, Loh E, Massie BM, Rich MW, Stevenson LW, Young JB, Krumholz HM (2004) Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(1):61–67

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Kaminski K, Goode KM, Zhang J, Clark AL, Cleland JGF (2009) The effect of transient deterioration of renal parameters on distant mortality of patients hospitalized for heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 11:93

    Google Scholar 

  65. Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC, Grinfeld L, Maggioni AP, Swedberg K, Udelson JE, Zannad F, Cook T, Ouyang J, Zimmer C, Orlandi C, Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) Investigators (2007) Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: the EVEREST outcome trial. JAMA 297(12):1319–1331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Yilmaz MB, Gayat E, Salem R, Lassus J, Nikolaou M, Laribi S, Parissis J, Follath F, Peacock WF, Mebazaa A (2011) Impact of diuretic dosing on mortality in acute heart failure using a propensity-matched analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 13(11):1244–1252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. De Silva R, Nikitin NP, Witte KK, Rigby AS, Goode K, Bhandari S, Clark AL, Cleland JG (2006) Incidence of renal dysfunction over 6 months in patients with chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction: contributing factors and relationship to prognosis. Eur Heart J 27:569–581

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Cleland JGF, Goode K, Erhardt L, Remme WJ, Charlesworth A, Poole-Wilson PA, Di Lenarda A, Hanrath P, Komajda M, Metra M, Swedberg K, Torp-Pedersen C, on behalf of the COMET Investigators (2004) A description of the clinical characteristics at baseline of patients recruited into the carvedilol or metoprolol European trial (COMET). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 18(2):139–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Cleland JGF, Armstrong P, Horowitz JD, Massie B, Packer M, Poole-Wilson P, Ryden L (1999) Baseline clinical characteristics of patients recruited into the assessment of treatment with lisinopril and survival study. Eur J Heart Fail 1(1):73–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Cleland JG, Daubert J-C, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L, CARE-HF Study Steering Committee and Investigators (2005) Baseline characteristics of patients recruited into the CARE-HF study. Eur J Heart Fail 7(2):205–214

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Knight EL, Glynn RJ, McIntyre KM, Mogun H, Avorn J (1999) Predictors of decreased renal function in patients with heart failure during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: results from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). Am Heart J 138(5 Pt 1):849–855

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Di Lenarda A, Charlesworth A, Cleland JG, et al (2004) Carvedilol better preserves renal function in heart failure than metoprolol: COMET. Circulation 110(suppl):III-431

    Google Scholar 

  73. Shlipak MG, Katz R, Fried LF, Jenny NS, Stehman-Breen CO, Newman AB, Siscovick D, Psaty BM, Sarnak MJ (2005) Cystatin-C and mortality in elderly persons with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(2):268–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Arimoto T, Takeishi Y, Niizeki T, Takabatake N, Okuyama H, Fukui A, Tachibana H, Nozaki N, Hirono O, Tsunoda Y, Miyashita T, Shishido T, Takahashi H, Koyama Y, Kubota I (2005) Cystatin C, a novel measure of renal function, is an independent predictor of cardiac events in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail 11(8):595–601

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Komajda M, Anker S, Charlesworth A, Okonko D, Metra M, Di Lenarda A, Remme W, Moullet C, Swedberg K, Cleland JGF, Poole-Wilson PA (2006) The impact of new onset anaemia on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure; results from COMET. Eur Heart J 27(12):1440–1446

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Cleland JG, McMurray JJ, Kjekshus J, Cornel JH, Dunselman P, Fonseca C, Hjalmarson A, Korewicki J, Lindberg M, Ranjith N, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Waagstein F, Wedel H, Wikstrand J (2009) Plasma concentration of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in chronic heart failure: prediction of cardiovascular events and interaction with the effects of rosuvastatin: a report from CORONA (controlled rosuvastatin multinational trial in heart failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 54(20):1850–1859

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Moran A, Katz R, Smith NL, Fried LF, Sarnak MJ, Seliger SL, Psaty B, Siscovick DS, Gottdiener JS, Shlipak MG (2008) Cystatin C concentration as a predictor of systolic and diastolic heart failure. J Card Fail 14(1):19–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Djousse L, Kurth T, Gaziano JM (2008) Cystatin C and risk of heart failure in the physicians’ health study (PHS). Am Heart J 155(1):82–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. O’Connor CM, Abraham WT, Albert NM, Clare R, Gattis SW, Gheorghiade M, Greenberg BH, Yancy CW, Young JB, Fonarow GC (2008) Predictors of mortality after discharge in patients hospitalized with heart failure: an analysis from the organized program to initiate lifesaving treatment in hospitalized patients with heart failure (OPTIMIZE-HF). Am Heart J 156(4):662–673

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Mebazaa A, Pang PS, Tavares M, Collins SP, Storrow AB, Laribi S, Andre S, Courtney DM, Hasa J, Spinar J, Masip J, Peacock WF, Sliwa K, Gayat E, Filippatos G, Cleland JGF, Gheorghiade M (2010) The impact of early standard therapy on dyspnoea in patients with acute heart failure: the URGENT-dyspnoea study. Eur Heart J 31:832–841

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Follath F, Yilmaz MB, Delgado JF, Parissis JT, Porcher R, Gayat E, Burrows N, McLean A, Vilas-Boas F, Mebazaa A (2011) Clinical presentation, management and outcomes in the acute heart failure global survey of standard treatment (ALARM-HF). Intensive Care Med 37(4):619–626

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Allen LA, Metra M, Milo-Cotter O, Filippatos G, Reisin LH, Bensimhon DR, Gronda EG, Colombo P, Felker GM, Cas LD, Kremastinos DT, O’Connor CM, Cotter G, Davison BA, Dittrich HC, Velazquez EJ (2008) Improvements in signs and symptoms during hospitalization for acute heart failure follow different patterns and depend on the measurement scales used: an international, prospective registry to evaluate the evolution of measures of disease severity in acute heart failure (MEASURE-AHF). J Card Fail 14(9):777–784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, Drexler H, Follath F, Harjola VP, Hochadel M, Komajda M, Lassus J, Lopez-Sendon JL, Ponikowski P, Tavazzi L (2006) EuroHeart failure survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J 27(22):2725–2736

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF, Benza R, Bourge R, Colucci WS, Massie BM, O’Connor CM, Pina I, Quigg R, Silver MA, Gheorghiade M (2002) Outcomes of a prospective trial of intravenous milrinone for exacerbations of chronic heart failure (OPTIME-CHF) investigators. JAMA 287(12):1541–1547

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Nohria A, Hasselblad V, Stebbins A, Pauly DF, Fonarow GC, Shah M, Yancy CW, Califf RM, Stevenson LW, Hill JA (2008) Cardiorenal interactions: insights from the ESCAPE trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(13):1268–1274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. McMurray JJV, Teerlink JR, Cotter G, Bourge RC, Cleland JGF, Jondeau G, Krum H, Metra M, O’Connor C, Parker JD, Torre Amione G, Van Veldhuisen D, Lewsey J, Frey A, Rainisio M, Kobrin I, for the VERITAS Investigators (2007) Effects of tezosentan or symptoms and clinical outcomes in patients with acute heart failure. The VERITAS randomized controlled trials. JAMA 298(17):2009–2019

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mebazaa A, Nieminen MS, Packer M, Cohen-Solal A, Kleber FX, Pocock SJ, Thakkar R, Padley RJ, Poder P, Kivikko M, for the SURVIVE Investigators (2007) Levosimendan versus dobutamine for patients with acute decompensated heart failure: the survive randomized trial. JAMA 297:1883–1891

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE, Masson M, Sampson F, Nicholl J (2008) Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 359(2):142–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE, Dunkman WB, Jacobs W, Francis GS, Flohr KH (1986) Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure: results of a veteran’s administration cooperative study. N Engl J Med 314:1547–1552

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, Cobb F, Francis G, Tristani F, Smith R, Dunkman WB, Loeb H, Wong M, Bhat G, Goldman S, Fletcher RD, Doherty J, Hughes CV, Carson P, Cintron G, Shabetai R, Haakenson C (1991) A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325:303–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Swedberg K, Idanpaan Heikkila U, Remes J, for the CONSENSUS trial study group (1987) Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the cooperative north Scandinavian enalapril survival study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 316(23):1429–1435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Ljungman S, Kjekshus J, Swedberg K (1992) Renal function in severe congestive heart failure during treatment with enalapril (the cooperative north Scandinavian enalapril survival study [CONSENSUS] trial). Am J Cardiol 70:479–487

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Dries DL, Exner DV, Domanski MJ, Greenberg B, Stevenson LW (2000) The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 35(3):681–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. SOLVD Investigators (1991) Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions adn congestive heart failure. N Engl Med 325:303–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Packer M, Poole Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, Cleland JGF, Horowitz JD, Massie B, Ryden L, Thygesen K, Uretsky B, on behalf of the ATLAS investigators (1999) Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. Circulation 100:2312–2318

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy CW, Carson P, D’Agostino RB, Ferdinand K, Taylor M, Adams K, Sabolinski M, Worcel M, Cohn J, for the A-Heft trial investigators (2004) Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med 351:2049–2057

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Cohn JN, Tognoni G, for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators (2001) A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker Valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345(23):1667–1675

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. McMurray JJV, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, for the Charm Investigators and Committees (2003) Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-added trial. Lancet 362(9386):767–771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJV, Michelson EL, Olofsson B, Ostergren J, for the CHARM Investigators and Committees (2003) Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-preserved trial. Lancet 362:771–781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Solomon SD, Wang D, Finn P, Skali H, Zornoff L, McMurray JJV, Swedberg K, Yusuf S, Granger CB, Michelson EL, Pocock S, Pfeffer MA (2004) Effect of candesartan on cause-specific mortality in heart failure patients. The candesartan in heart failure assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Circulation 110:2180–2183

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Cleland JGF, Tendera M, Adamus J, Freemantle N, Polonski L, Taylor J, on behalf of PEP-CHF Investigators (2006) The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J 27:2338–2345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, Komajda M, McKelvie R, Zile MR, Anderson S, Donovan M, Iverson E, Staiger C, Ptaszynska A (2008) Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 359:2456–2467

    Google Scholar 

  103. Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H, Vincent J, Pocock SJ, Pitt B (2011) Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med 364(1):11–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. The Digitalis Investigation Group (1997) The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 336(8):525–533

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. MERIT-HF Study Group (1999) Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353(9169):2001–2007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Packer M, Coats AJS, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohasci P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Castaigne A, Roecker EB, Schultz MK, DeMets DL, for the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival study group (2001) Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 344:1651–1658

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JGF, Di Lenarda A, Hanrath P, Komajda M, Lubsen J, Lutiger B, Metra M, Remme WJ, Torp-Pedersen C, Scherhag A, Skene A, for the COMET investigators (2003) Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the carvedilol or metoprolol European trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 362:7–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kjekshus J, Apetrei E, Barrios V, Bohm M, Cleland JGF, Cornel JH, Dunselman P, Fonseca C, Goudev A, Grande P, Gullestad L, Hjalmarson A, Hradec J, Janosi A, Kamensky G, Komajda M, Korewicki J, Kuusi T, Mach F, Mareev V, McMurray JJ, Ranjith N, Schaufelberger M, Vanhaecke J, Van Veldhuisen D, Waagstein F, Wedel H, Wikstrand J, CORONA Group (2007) Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 357(22):2248–2261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Swedberg K, Komajda M, Bohm M, Borer JS, Ford I, Dubost-Brama A, Lerebours G, Tavazzi L (2010) Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 376(9744):875–885

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML, for the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators (2002) Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 346(12):877–883

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Lceri RM, Ip JH, for the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators (2005) Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 352:225–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, Krueger S, Kass DA, De Marco T, Carson P, DiCarlo L, Demets D, White BG, DeVries DW, Feldman AM, for the comparison of medical therapy padihfCi (2004) Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 350:2140–2150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Cleland JGF, Daubert J-C, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L, for the Cardiac Resynchronisation-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Investigators (2005) The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 352(15):1539–1549

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Cleland JGF, Daubert J-C, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L, Tavazzi L, on behalf of the CARE-HF study investigators (2006) Longer-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on mortality in heart failure {the cardiac resynchronization-heart failure (CARE-HF) trial extension phase}. Eur Heart J 27(16):1928–1932

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Cleland JGF, Louis AA, Rigby AS, Janssens U, Balk AHMM, on behalf of the TEN-HMS investigators (2005) Noninvasive home telemonitoring for patients with heart failure at high risk of recurrent admission and death. The trans-European network-home-care management system (TEN-HMS) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(10):1654–1664

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al (2009) Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 361(14):1329–1338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Tang AS, Wells GA, Talajic M, Arnold MO, Sheldon R, Connolly S, Hohnloser SH, Nichol G, Birnie DH, Sapp JL, Yee R, Healey JS, Rouleau JL (2010) Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. N Engl J Med 363(25):2385–2395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Castle Hill Hospital, Kingston upon Hull, HU16 5JQ, UK

    John G. F. Cleland, Valentina Carubelli, Teresa Castiello, Ashraf Yassin, Pierpaolo Pellicori & Renjith Antony

Authors
  1. John G. F. Cleland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Valentina Carubelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Teresa Castiello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ashraf Yassin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pierpaolo Pellicori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Renjith Antony
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John G. F. Cleland.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cleland, J.G.F., Carubelli, V., Castiello, T. et al. Renal dysfunction in acute and chronic heart failure: prevalence, incidence and prognosis. Heart Fail Rev 17, 133–149 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-012-9306-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-012-9306-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation