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Understanding the effect of organic pollutant fluoranthene on pea in vitro using cytokinins, ethylene, ethane and carbon dioxide as indicators

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Abstract

Environmental contaminants like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can influence many biochemical and physiological processes in plants. The effect of 0.1, 1 and 5 mg l−1 of fluoranthene (FLT) in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 0.1 mg l−1) or a combination of IAA and N6-benzyladenine (BA, both 0.1 mg l−1) on the growth and production of ethylene, ethane and CO2 in Pisum sativum L. cultivated for 21 days in vitro was investigated. In 21 days old plants also net photosynthesis rate, content of FLT and cytokinins were evaluated. FLT 5 mg l−1 significantly inhibited the growth of pea after 21 days in both IAA and IAA + BA treatments, increased production of ethylene (by 11% in IAA and 14% in IAA + BA treatments, respectively) and ethane (by 28 and 18%) and decreased production of CO2 (by 23 and 29%). The net photosynthesis rate decreased in response to FLT concentration by up to 51% under saturating irradiation (600–1,200 μmol m−2 s−1), as found in IAA + BA + FLT 5 mg l−1 treatment. The content of FLT in pea plant shoots well correlated with increasing FLT treatment in both IAA and IAA + BA medium. The content of cytokinins in pea shoots changed in response to FLT treatment. FLT 5 mg l−1 caused a rise in level of trans-zeatin (by 16% in IAA and 9% in IAA + BA treatments, respectively), dihydrozeatin riboside (by 27 and 50%), benzyladenine (by 3 and 80%), benzyladenine riboside (by 44 and 17%) and meta-topolin riboside (by 139 and 214%), no change in isopentenyladenine level and a decrease in meta-topolin level (by 33% in IAA and 36% in IAA + BA treatments, respectively). Cultivation of plants in vitro allowed not only to assess their growth, photosynthetic activity and the level of cytokinins, but also to extend the knowledge about the effect of PAHs on production of gaseous stress indicators like ethylene, ethane and CO2. Recorded changes in all studied parameters show, that persistent organic pollutants like PAHs can negatively influence plant growth and development.

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Abbreviations

ANOVA:

One-way analysis of variance

BA:

N6-benzyladenine

BAR:

Benzyladenine riboside

BCF:

Bioconcentration factor

C2H4 :

Ethylene

C2H6 :

Ethane

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

DHZR:

Dihydrozeatin riboside

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FLT:

Fluoranthene

FP-H2O:

Ultrafiltered water

GC-FID:

Flame-ionisation detector–gas chromatograph

GC-MS:

Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

Ic:

Compensative irradiation

iP:

Isopentenyladenine

MS:

Murashige and Skoog’s medium

mT:

meta-topolin

mTR:

meta-topolin riboside

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PAR:

Photosynthetic active radiation

Pn:

Net photosynthetic rate

PPFD:

Photosynthetic photon flux density

TFA:

Trifluoroacetic acid

Z, t-Z:

trans-zeatin

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Czech Science Foundation (GAČR 522/09/0239 and GAČR 522/09/P167). We thank to prof. Ing. Miroslav Strnad, CSc. from Palacký Univesity, Olomouc, Czech Republic, for providing the antibodies for ELISA analyses.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Physiology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic

    Marie Kummerová, Lucie Váňová, Štěpán Zezulka & Jana Krulová

  2. Institute of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic

    Helena Fišerová & Marek Klemš

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  1. Marie Kummerová
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  2. Lucie Váňová
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  3. Helena Fišerová
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  5. Štěpán Zezulka
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  6. Jana Krulová
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Correspondence to Lucie Váňová.

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Kummerová, M., Váňová, L., Fišerová, H. et al. Understanding the effect of organic pollutant fluoranthene on pea in vitro using cytokinins, ethylene, ethane and carbon dioxide as indicators. Plant Growth Regul 61, 161–174 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-010-9462-0

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