Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of phenotypic variation in a worldwide germplasm collection of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under organic farming conditions in Germany

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An investigation was conducted to determine the extent of diversity and relationships among a worldwide safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) germplasm collection and to find out adapted accessions that can be used in an organic safflower breeding program in Germany. A total of 468 accessions was studied under organic farming conditions at Kleinhohenheim experimental station during the seasons of 2004 and 2005. All the accessions were evaluated for 12 phenotypic traits and three rated diseases. Multivariate analyses have been used to measure the diversity in a subset of 200 accessions and 11 geographical regions. Generally, the study showed that there was a large genetic variation within accessions. A coefficient of variation (CV%) for investigated traits and diseases ranged from 2.9 to 91.0% with the highest CV was recorded for yield/m², yield/plant and seeds/plant. The most accessions that originated in Europe revealed relatively better performance compared to non-Europeans. High yielding, early maturing, and disease tolerant accessions were identified. However, the low oil content (8.7–22.8%) is the primary concern in this germplasm collection. The degree of heritability varied between 10% for lodging to 86% for plant height. Genotypic coefficient of correlation (r g) was slightly higher for many traits than the respective phenotypic coefficient. Oil content and seed yield/m² were highly significantly correlated (r g = 0.78). The genotypic coefficient of correlation showed that selection for seeds/plant and thousand kernel weight was effective for improvement of seed yield and oil content. The results of the principal component analysis and the clustering pattern of accessions were consistent with the results of analysis of variance. About 78% of the total phenotypic diversity in the germplasm was explained on the basis of four principal components and 88% of the total variation among geographical regions was contributed by the first three principal components. The distribution of the accessions within clusters has no apparent relationship with the geographical origin. However, many of the European accessions have a tendency to stay together.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agrawal RK, Kumar H, Singh RB, Singh RM (1982) Genetic divergence in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Madras Agric J 69(4):220–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Akbar AA, Kamran M (2006) Relationship among yield components and selection criteria for yield improvement in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Appl Sci 6(13):2853–2855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alawala S, Suman A, Arro JA, Veremis JC, Kimbeng CA (2006) Target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) for assessing genetic diversity in sugarcane germplasm collections. Crop Sci 46:448–455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arslan B (2007) The path analysis of yield and its components in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Biol Sci 7(4):668–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashri A (1975) Evaluation of the germplasm collection of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius): distribution and regional divergence for morphological characters. Euphytica 24:651–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashri A, Knowles PF (1960) Cytogenetics of safflower (Carthamus L.) species and their hybrids. Agronomy J 52:11–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashri A, Zimmer DE, Urie AL, Knowles PF (1975) Evaluation of the germplasm collection of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): VI. Length of planting to flowering period and plant height in Israel, Utah and Washington. Theor Appl Genet 46:359–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker RJ (1986) Selection indices in plant breeding. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Banjamin HB, Shu G (1982) Interrelationships of morphological and economic characters of sunflower1. Crop Sci 22:817–822

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartual R, Carbonell EA, Green DE (1985) Multivariate analysis of a collection of soybean cultivars for southeastern Spain. Euphytica 34:113–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt E (1976) An application of multivariate analysis to selection for quality characters in wheat. Aust J Agric 27:11–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broich SL, Palmer RG (1980) A cluster analysis of wild and domesticated soybean phenotypes. Euphytica 29:23–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burger H, Schloen M, Schmidt W, Geiger HH (2007) Development of maize varieties with specific adaptation to organic farming conditions. In: 9.Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau. Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, 20–23 März 2007, pp 245–248

  • Chaturvedi M, Srivastava N, Gudipati T, Bhadauria R, Khandelwal S, Das RR (2001) In vitro studies in the wild species of Carthamus—C. oxycantha L. In: Bergman J, Mündel HH (eds) Safflower: a multipurpose species with unexploited potential and world adaptability. Proceedings of the 5th international Safflower conference, Williston, ND, Sidney, MT, 23–27 July, pp 47–49

  • Claassen CE (1950) Natural and controlled crossing in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Agron J 42:381–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Claassen CE (1981) Development of safflower as a commercial crop in the United States. In: Proceedings of the 1st international Safflower conference, Davis, 12–16 July, pp 28–35

  • De Silva HN, Gordon IL (1986) Variance components in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) trials in the Manawatu district with implication for testing methods. N Z J Exp Agric 14:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Elfadl EY, Reinbrecht C, Frick C, von Witzke-Ehbrecht S, Rudolphi S, Claupein W (2005) Genotype by environment interaction in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under organic farming system in Central Europe. In: Esendal E (ed) A unique crop for oil spices and health consequently a better life for you. Proceedings of the 6th international Safflower conference, Istanbul, 6–10 June, pp 39–43

  • Gencer O, Sinan SN, Guelyaar F (1987) Relationships between oil yield and traits using correlation and path coefficients analysis in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J Agric Fac 2:37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaton TC, Klisiewicz JM (1981) A disease-resistant safflower alloploid from Carthamus tinctorius L. × C lanatus L. Can J Plant Sci 61:219–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill J, Becker HC, Tigerstedt PMA (1998) Quantitative and ecological aspects of plant breeding. Chapman & Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hussaini SH, Goodman MM, Timothy DH (1977) Multivariate analysis of the geographical distribution of the world collection of finger millet. Crop Sci 17:257–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaradat AA, Shahid MA (2006) Patterns of phenotypic variation in a germplasm collection of (Carthamus tinctorius L.) from the Middle East. Genet Resour Crop Evol 53:225–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RC, Ghorpade PB, Bradley VL (2001) Evaluation of the USDA core safflower collection for seven quantitative traits. In: Bergman J, Mündel HH (eds) Safflower: a multipurpose species with unexploited potential and world adaptability. Proceedings of the 5th international Safflower conference, Williston, ND, Sidney MT, 23–27 July, pp 149–152

  • Johnson RC, Kisha TJ, Evans MA (2007) Characterizing safflower germplasm with AFLP molecular markers. Crop Sci 47:1728–1736

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson RC, Stout DM, Bradley VL (1993) The US collection: a rich source of safflower germplasm. In: Dajue L, Yuanzhou H (eds) Proceedings of the 3rd international Safflower conference, Beijing, 14–18 June, pp 202–208

  • Kaiser HF (1960) The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educ Psychol Meas 20:141–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan MA, Witzke-Ebrecht S, Maass BL, Becker HC (2008) Relationships among different geographical groups agro-morphology fatty acid composition and RAPD marker diversity in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Genet Resour Crop Evol 0925-9864, 1573-5109 (Online)

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles PF (1955) Safflower: production processing and utilization. Econ Bot 9:273–299

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles PF (1977) Safflower germplasm: domisticated and wild. Calif Agric 31(9):12–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Knowles PF (1989) Safflower. In: Röbbelen G, Downey RK, Ashri A (eds) Oil crops of the world their breeding and utilization. McGraw Hill, New York, pp 363–374

    Google Scholar 

  • Koutroubas SD, Papakosta DK, Doitsinis A (2004) Cultivar and seasonal effects on the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to safflower yield. Field Crops Res 90:263–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey DJ, Wellner N, Beaudoin F, Napier JA, Shewry PR (1998) Secondary structure of oleosins in oil bodies isolated from seeds of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Biochem J 334:469–477

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leifert C (2001) Crop breeding for organic agriculture. wwwnclacuk/tcoa/files/cropbr-eedingorgagrpdf

  • Mahasi MJ, Pathak RS, Wachira JN, Riungu TC, Kamundia JW (2005) Development and evaluation of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for the marginal rainfall areas of Kenya: morphological characterization genetic diversity and adaptation studies. In: Esendal E (ed) A unique crop for oil spices and health consequently a better life for you. Proceedings of the 6th international Safflower conference, Istanbul, 6–10 June, pp 31–38

  • McPherson MA, Good AG, Topinka AKC, Hall LM (2004) Theoretical hybridization potential of transgenic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) with weedy relatives in the New World. Can J Plant Sci 84:923–934

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehrota N, Chaudhary BD (1981) Genetic diversity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In: Manna GK, Sinha U (eds) Perspectives in cytology and genetics. Proceedings of the 3rd all India congress of cytology and genetics, vol 3, pp 659–662

  • Mode CJ, Robinson HF (1959) Pleiotropism and genetic variance and covariance. Biometrics 15:518–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mündel HH, Huang HC (2003) Control of major diseases of safflower by breeding for resistance and using cultural practices. In: Huang HC, Acharya SN (eds) Advances in plant diseases management. Research Signpost, Kerala, pp 293–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Mündel HH, Morrison RJ, Blackshaw RE, Roth B (2004) Safflower production on the canadian prairies: revisited in 2004. Agric Canad Res Station, Lethbridge/Alberta T1J 4B1, p 11

  • Pahlavani MH (2005) Some technological and morphological characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) from Iran. Asian J Plant Sci 4:234–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel MZ, Reddy MV, Rana BS, Reddy BJ (1989) Genetic divergence in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Indian J Genet Plant Breed 49:113–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson WF (1965) Safflower culture in the West-Central Plains. Agric Inf Bull 300:2

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam DH, Budin JT, Field LA, Breene WM (1993) Camelina: a promising low-input oilseed. In: Janick J, Simon JE (eds) New crops. Wiley, New York, p 314

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy NM (2001) Safflower biotechnology: progress and prospects. In: Bergman J, Mündel HH (eds) Safflower: a multipurpose species with unexploited potential and world adaptability. Proceedings of the 5th international Safflower conference, Williston, ND, Sidney MT, 23–27 July, p 59

  • Ranga RV, Ramachandram M (1977) An analysis of association of components of yield and oil in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Theor Appl Genet 50:185–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinbrecht C, Barth S, Witzke-Ehbrecht S, Frick C, Elfadl E, Kahnt G, Becker HC, Claupein W (2005) Screening of a worldwide safflower collection for adaptation to humid temperate climates and cultivation in organic farming. In: Esendal E (ed) Safflower: a unique crop for oil spices and health consequently a better life for you. Proceedings of the 6th international Safflower conference, Istanbul, 06–10 June, pp 236–242

  • Reinbrecht C, Claupein W (2004) Vergleich der Anbaueignung verschiedener Ölpflanzenarten und sorten für den Ökologischen Landbau unter den Aspekten Speiseölgewinnung und Eiweißquelle (in German). http://orgprintsorg/2994/01/Zwische nbericht_%C3%96lpflanzen-Projekt_02OE434pdf

  • Rudolphi S (2007) Methodische Grundlagen der Züchtung von Saflor (Carthamus tinctorius L.) für den ökologischen Landbau. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Agrarwissenschaften der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (in German), http://webdocsubgwdgde/diss/2007/rudolphi/rudolphipdf, p 11

  • SAS Institute Inc. Software (2002) Version 9.0, Cary, NC, USA

  • Schmidt S, Niklova I, Pokorny J, Farkas P, Sekretar S (2003) Antioxidant activity of evening primrose phenolics in sunflower and rapeseed oils. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 105:427–435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh BP (1991) Plant introduction and exchange. In: Paroda RS, Arora RK (eds) Plant genetic resources: conservation and management: concepts and approaches, International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Office for South and Southeast Asia, c/o NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India, p 95

  • Trehan KB, Mehta SK (1977) Genotypic and phenotypic variability and analysis of character association in safflower Carthamus tinctorius. Madras Agric J 64(2):71–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Utz HF (2006) PLABSTAT (Version 2N), A computer program for the computation of variances and covariances. Institute of plant breeding seed science and population genetics, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart

  • Vidya C, Oommen SK, Kumar V (2002) Genetic variability and heritability of yield and related characters in yard-long bean. J Tropic Agric 40:11–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilatersana R, Garnatje T, Susanna A, Garcia-Jacas N (2005) Taxonomic problems in Carthamus (Asteraceae): RAPD markers and sectional classification. Bot J Linn Soc 147:375–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss EA (1971) Safflower. In: Weiss EA (ed) Castor sesame and safflower. Barnes and Noble, Inc, New York, pp 529–744

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurl G, Biertümpfel A, Graf T (2007) Entwicklung ertragssicherer Saflor-Stämme mit hohen Ölgehalten für den ökologischen Anbau (in German). Organic eprints http://orgprintsorg/13320/01/13320-03OE628_2-tll-graf-2007-saflor-staemmepdf 5

  • Yau SK (2007) Winter versus spring sowing of rain-fed safflower in a semi-arid high-elevation Mediterranean environment. Eur J Agron 26:249–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z (2001) Genetic diversity and classification of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) germplasm by isozyme techniques. In: Bergman J, Mündel HH (eds) Safflower: a multipurpose species with unexploited potential and world adaptability. Proceedings of the 5th international Safflower conference, Williston, ND, Sidney MT, 23–27 July, pp 157–162

  • Zhang Z, Johnson R (1999) Safflower germplasm conservation directory. IPGRI office for East Asia, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman LH (1973) Effect of photoperiod and temperature on rosette habit in safflower. Crop Sci 13:80–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are here highly appreciating and acknowledge the financial support provided by Pfister foundation, Bern, Switzerland. We also wish to express our sincere gratitudes to Mrs. M. Schnieder and Mrs. A. Richter for their technical assistance in the course of this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Crop Production and Grassland Research, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany

    E. Elfadl & W. Claupein

  2. Pflanzenzucht SaKa GbR, Dorfstrasse 39, 17495, Ranzin, Germany

    C. Reinbrecht

Authors
  1. E. Elfadl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Reinbrecht
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. Claupein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Elfadl.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Elfadl, E., Reinbrecht, C. & Claupein, W. Evaluation of phenotypic variation in a worldwide germplasm collection of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under organic farming conditions in Germany. Genet Resour Crop Evol 57, 155–170 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9458-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-009-9458-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation