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Carbohydrate to carbohydrate interaction in development process and cancer progression

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An Erratum to this article was published on 28 June 2012

Abstract

Two types of carbohydrate to carbohydrate interaction (CCI) have been known to be involved in biological processes. One is the CCI between molecules expressed on interfacing cell membranes of different cells to mediate cell to cell adhesion, and subsequently induce cell signaling, and is termed trans-CCI. It has been indicated that the Lex to Lex interaction at the morula stage in mouse embryos plays an important role in the compaction process in embryonic development. GM3 to Gg3 or GM3 to LacCer interaction has been suggested to be involved in adhesion of tumor cells to endothelial cells, which is considered a crucial step in tumor metastasis. The other is the CCI between molecules expressed within the same microdomain of the cell surface membrane, and is termed cis-CCI. The interaction between ganglioside GM3, and multi (>3) GlcNAc termini of N-linked glycans of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been indicated as the molecular mechanism for the inhibitory effect of GM3 on EGFR activation. Also, the complex with GM3 and GM2 has been shown to inhibit the activation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, cMet, through its association with tetraspanin CD82, and results in the inhibition of cell motility. Since CCI research is still limited, more examples of CCI in biological processes in development, and cancer progression will be revealed in the future.

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Abbreviations

CCI:

carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interaction

Cer:

ceramide

CD82:

one of tetraspanin superfamily (TM4), interacting membrane components to control cellular phenotype

CHO:

Chinese hamster ovary

CPI:

carbohydrate-to-protein interaction

Ecad:

E-cadherin

EDTA:

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EGF:

epidermal growth factor

EGFR:

epidermal growth factor receptor

ES:

embryonal stem

Fuc:

fucose

GFR:

growth factor receptor

GalCer:

β-galactosylceramide

GalNAc:

N-acetylgalactosamine

GSL:

glycosphingolipid

HGF:

human growth factor

HGFR:

hepatocyte growth factor receptor

HPLC:

high-performance liquid chromatography

IgG:

immunoglobulin G

LacCer:

lactosylceramide

LacNAc:

Galβ4GlcNAc

M:

mannose

mAb:

monoclonal antibodies

NeuAc:

N-acetylneuraminic acid

NMR:

nuclear magnetic resonance

Os:

oligosaccharide

PPI:

protein-to-protein interaction

RTK:

receptor tyrosine kinase

SDS-PAGE:

sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

SSEA:

stage-specific embryogenic antigen

TBS:

tris-buffered saline (tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane)

GSLs:

are abbreviated as recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (Biochem J 171: 21–35, 1978, Table I); however, the suffix -Ose or -OseCer is omitted. Ganglio-series gangliosides are abbreviated according to the extended version of Svennerholm’s list (e.g., Holmgren et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 1947–1950, 1980).

Gb3:

Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

Gb4:

GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

Gb5:

Galβ3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

Gg3:

GalNAcβ4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

Gg4:

Galβ3GalNAcβ4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

GD1a:

[NeuAcα3]Galβ3GalNAcβ4[NeuAcα3]Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

GD1b:

Galβ3GalNAcβ4[NeuAcα8NeuAcα3]Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

GD2:

NeuAcα2-8NeuAcα2-3[GalNAcβ1-4]Galβ1-4Glc1Cer

GD3:

NeuAcα2-8NeuAcα2-3Galβ4Glc1Cer

GT1a:

NeuAcα8NeuAcα3Galβ3GalNAcβ4[NeuAcα3]Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

GT1b:

NeuAcα3Galβ3GalNAcβ4[NeuAcα8NeuAcα3]Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

GM1:

Galβ3GalNAcβ4[NeuAcα3]Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

GM2:

GalNAcβ4[NeuAcα3]Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

GM3:

NeuAcα3Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

LacCer:

Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

nLc4:

Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcβCer

Lea:

Galβ3[Fucα4]GlcNAcβ3Galβ→R

Lex:

Galβ4[Fucα3]GlcNAcβ3Galβ→R

Ley:

[Fucα2]Galβ3[Fucα4]GlcNAcβ3Galβ→R

NGcGM3:

N-glycolylneuraminyl-lactosylCer

NAcGM3:

N-acetylneuraminyl-lactosylCer

PG:

paragloboside: Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-Cer

SSEA-3:

Fucα2Galβ3NAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

SSEA-4:

NeuAcα3Galβ3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ1Cer

H antigen:

Fucα1-2Galβ-R

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Acknowledgements

Our original studies were supported by the National Institute of Health, research no.: 2 R01 CA080054, National Cancer Institute Outstanding Investigator Grant, CA42505 (to S.H.) and the Biomembrane Institute. We thank Dr. Wai Cheu Lai and Marlin Lobaton for the preparation of the manuscript.

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  1. Pacific Northwest Research Institude, 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA

    Kazuko Handa & Sen-itiroh Hakomori

  2. Departments of Pathobiology and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA

    Sen-itiroh Hakomori

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Handa, K., Hakomori, Si. Carbohydrate to carbohydrate interaction in development process and cancer progression. Glycoconj J 29, 627–637 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-012-9380-7

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