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Interregional social development differences and regional social development determinants in Turkey

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Abstract

In this study, the relationship is investigated between the regional human development index and public investment expenditures, terrorist attacks and population density for 12 regions of Turkey. For each region, the Human Development Index method of calculation which is prepared by the United Nations Development Program is used to calculate the regional human development index. In this study, the model is developed to analyze the relation between variables, estimated by the common correlated effects (CCE) approach. For the analyses, firstly all the stationarity of series is investigated by the cross-sectionally augmented dickey fuller test which is considered to have cross-sectional dependence. After the stationarity test, the existence of a cointegration relation between variables, is tested with the Durbin-H test, and the findings obtained from the test showed the presence of a cointegration relation among the series. After confirming a cointegration relation, long-term parameters are estimated by the CCE model. Findings from the CCE test showed that the effect of the variables on the regional human development index was not statistically significant in the general model. On the other hand, regional results showed that the effects of variables were statistically significant in some regions and that these effects vary according to regions. With this study, it is aimed to identify the differences in social development in Turkey and the determinants of regional development. The findings and recommendations are also considered to be beneficial for countries in similar social and economic situation with Turkey.

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Notes

  1. The list of regions is presented in “Appendix 1”.

  2. The HI, EI and II index values of some regions were calculated as 0. In this case since the geometric mean can’t be calculated, the index values in these regions were changed to 0.0001 as the closest value to zero. In addition, some of the TI index values were calculated as 0. In these regions, the index values were changed with 0.0001 as the closest value to zero.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Selim Başar

  2. Department of Economics, Igdir University, Igdir, Turkey

    Murat Eren

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  1. Selim Başar
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Appendix: 1

Appendix: 1

Code

NUTS 1 (12 Regions)

Code

NUTS 2 (26 Subregions)

NUTS 3 (81 Provinces)

TR1

Istanbul

TR10

Istanbul Subregion

Istanbul

TR2

West Marmara

TR21

Tekirdağ Subregion

Tekirdağ, Edirne, Kırklareli

TR22

Balıkesir Subregion

Balıkesir, Çanakkale

TR3

Aegean

TR31

İzmir Subregion

İzmir

TR32

Aydın Subregion

Aydın, Denizli, Muğla

TR33

Manisa Subregion

Manisa, Afyonkarahisar, Kütahya, Uşak

TR4

East Marmara

TR41

Bursa Subregion

Bursa, Eskişehir, Bilecik

TR42

Kocaeli Subregion

Kocaeli, Sakarya, Düzce, Bolu, Yalova

TR5

West Anatolia

TR51

Ankara Subregion

Ankara

TR52

Konya Subregion

Konya, Karaman

TR6

Mediterranean

TR61

Antalya Subregion

Antalya, Isparta, Burdur

TR62

Adana Subregion

Adana, Mersin

TR63

Hatay Subregion

Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye

TR7

Central Anatolia

TR71

Kırıkkale Subregion

Kırıkkale, Aksaray, Niğde, Nevşehir, Kırşehir

TR72

Kayseri Subregion

Kayseri, Sivas, Yozgat

TR8

West Black Sea

TR81

Zonguldak Subregion

Zonguldak, Karabük, Bartın

TR82

Kastamonu Subregion

Kastamonu, Çankırı, Sinop

TR83

Samsun Subregion

Samsun, Tokat, Çorum, Amasya

TR9

East Black Sea

TR90

Trabzon Subregion

Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane

TRA

North East Anatolia

TRA1

Erzurum Subregion

Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt

TRA2

Ağrı Subregion

Ağrı, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan

TRB

Central East Anatolia

TRB1

Malatya Subregion

Malatya, Elazığ, Bingöl, Tunceli

TRB2

Van Subregion

Van, Muş, Bitlis, Hakkâri

TRC

South East Anatolia

TRC1

Gaziantep Subregion

Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Kilis

TRC2

Şanlıurfa Subregion

Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır

TRC3

Mardin Subregion

Mardin, Batman, Şırnak, Siirt

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Başar, S., Eren, M. Interregional social development differences and regional social development determinants in Turkey. GeoJournal 87, 2209–2225 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-020-10368-0

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