Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Characteristics of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Singapore marine clay at Changi is a quartenary deposit that lies within valleys cut in the Old Alluvium. It is locally known as Kallang formation. The pre-reclamation site characterization and laboratory testing was carried out by conducting marine sampling boreholes, in situ dissipation tests and field vane test. In situ dissipation tests were conducted with the piezocone, flat dilatometer, self-boring pressuremeter and BAT permeameter. The purpose of the site characterization was to determine the consolidation characteristics, strength characteristics, stratigraphy, and mineralogy of Singapore marine clay. The consolidation properties of marine clay are required prior to land reclamation activities in order to predict the magnitude and rates of settlement with the expected fill load and future service load as well as for the design of soil improvement works. The shear strength properties are required for slope stability analyses during reclamation and for the stability analyses of shore protection works. Clay mineralogy tests and photographic identification of the marine clay was carried out to determine the mineralogical properties and to visually record the marine clay colour and texture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

Cc :

Compression index

c h :

Coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow

c kv :

Vertical hydraulic conductivity change index

Cc :

Recompression index

c u :

Undrained shear strength

c v :

Coefficient of consolidation due to vertical flow

Cα :

Secondary compression index

eo :

Initial void ratio

Gs :

Specific gravity

k h :

Horizontal hydraulic conductivity

k v :

Vertical hydraulic conductivity

m v :

Coefficient of volume compressibility

OCR:

Overconsolidation ratio

S t :

Degree of sensitivity of marine clay

z:

Depth below seabed in meters

γbulk :

Bulk density

γw :

Unit weight of water

σ′vo :

Vertical effective stress

References

  • Arulrajah A, Nikraz H, Bo MW (2004) In situ testing of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi. Geotech Geol Eng 23(2):111–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arulrajah A, Nikraz H, Bo MW (2006a) In situ pore water pressure dissipation testing of marine clay under reclamation fills. Geotech Geol Eng 24:29–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arulrajah A, Nikraz H, Bo MW (2006b) Assessment of marine clay improvement under reclamation fills by in situ testing methods. Geotech Geol Eng 24:219–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bo Myint Win, Arulrajah A, Choa V (1998) Hydraulic conductivity of Singapore marine clay. Q J Eng Geol 31(4):291–299

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bo Myint Win, Chang MF, Arulrajah A, Choa V (2000) Undrained shear strength of the Singapore marine clay at Changi from in situ tests. Geotech Eng J Southeast Asian Geotech Soc 31(2):91–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Bo MW, Chu J, Low BK, Choa V (2003a) Soil improvement—Prefabricated vertical drain techniques. Thomson Learning, Singapore 068808

  • Bo MW, Choa V, Hong KH (2003b) Material characteristic of Singapore marine clay at Changi. Q J Eng Geol Hydroge 36(4):305–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choa V, Bo MW, Chu J (2001) Soil Improvement Works for the Changi East Reclamation Project. Ground Improv 5(4):141–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu J, Bo MW, Chang MF, Choa V (2002) Consolidation and permeability properties of Singapore marine clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng ASCE 128(9):724–732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flaate K (1966) Factors influencing the results of vane tests. Can Geotech J 3(1):18–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson R (1981) Drained behaviour of Swedish clays. Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Report No. 12, Sweden

  • Leroueil S, Lerat P, Hight DW, Powell JJM (1992) Hydraulic conductivity of a recent estuarine silty clay at Bothkennar. Geotechnique 42:275–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norwegian Geotechnical Society (1979) Recommended procedures for vane borings. August, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  • Public Works Department Singapore (PWD) (1976) The geology of Singapore. Publication by the Public Works Department, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe RW, Barden L (1966) A new consolidation cell. Geotechnique 26(2):162–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavenas F, Leblond P, Jean P, Leroueil S (1983) The permeability of natural clays. Part 1: methods of laboratory measurement. Can Geotech J 20:629–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor DW (1948) Fundamentals of soil mechanics. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Yong KY, Karunaratne GP, Lee SL (1990) Recent developments in soft clay engineering in Singapore. Kansai International Geotech Forum ‘90, Osaka, Japan, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Dr. A. Vijiaratnam the Former Chairman of SPECS Consultants (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. for his support in the submission of these research findings.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences (H38) Hawthorn, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia

    A. Arulrajah

  2. DST Consulting Engineers Inc., Thunder Bay, ON, Canada

    M. W. Bo

Authors
  1. A. Arulrajah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. W. Bo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Arulrajah.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Arulrajah, A., Bo, M.W. Characteristics of Singapore Marine Clay at Changi. Geotech Geol Eng 26, 431–441 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9179-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9179-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation