Abstract
The role of the blood–brain barrier ATP-binding cassette protein transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in protecting zebrafish (Danio rerio) from the central nervous system neurotoxicant ivermectin (IVM, 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a + 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b) was examined in the absence and presence of the competitive inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA). Zebrafish injected intraperitoneally with 1, 2, 5, or 10 µmol/kg IVM exhibited mortality 30 min following administration at the highest dose. At sublethal doses > 1 µmol/kg, IVM altered the swimming performance, exploratory behaviour, motor coordination, escape response and olfactory response in exposed fish. When fish were exposed to IVM in the presence of CsA, alterations in swimming and behaviours increased significantly and at the highest IVM/CsA ratio resulted in a complete lack of exploratory and olfactory behaviours. In separate experiments, fish were either fed or fasted, and the effects of IVM and CsA administration were examined. The effects of IVM administration and the exacerbated effects seen with CsA co-administration were not affected by fasting. This study provides evidence that P-gp provides a protective role in the BBB of fish against environmental neurotoxicants. The results also show that P-gp activity is maintained even under conditions of food deprivation, suggesting that this chemical defence system is prioritized over other energy expenditures during diet limitation.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Mr. Ian Bercovitz for providing statistical consultation. Mike Xu, T’ea Dong, Grace Baer, Parsa Rajabi and Alycia Platt are thanked for assisting in the behaviour video analyses.
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Research funding was provided by an NSERC Discovery grant to CJK. VCA was supported by Science Without Borders (CAPES – Proc. No. 1346–13-7, Brazil).
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CJK provided funding acquisition, administration, and resources. VCA designed and conducted research. VCA and CJK wrote, reviewed and edited the paper.
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Azevedo, V.C., Kennedy, C.J. P-glycoprotein inhibition affects ivermectin-induced behavioural alterations in fed and fasted zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish Physiol Biochem 48, 1267–1283 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01111-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-022-01111-2