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Effects of lead nitrate on the activity of metabolic enzymes during early developmental stages of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

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Abstract

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) are key metabolic enzymes. G6PDH has been used as a biomarker of pollution-induced carcinogenesis in fish. LDH has been used as marker of lesions in toxicology and clinical chemistry, and PK catalyses the conversion of phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate, with regeneration of ATP. The effect of different concentrations of lead nitrate on the activity of these enzymes in two different early ontogenetic stages (embryonic and free embryonic stage) of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus was investigated. Embryo homogenates were used for measurements of G6PDH, LDH and PK activity spectrophotometrically at 340 nm and 25°C. The ontogenetic variations of the three enzymes during early ontogeny, from the 30 h to the 168 h post-fertilisation stage (PFS) (beginning of exogenous feeding), were studied. There was a significant decrease in activities of all three enzymes from 30 h-PFS to 96 h-PFS, followed by a significant increase in G6PDH and LDH. PK showed insignificant fluctuations in activity. Different patterns of enzyme activities were recorded due to exposure to different lead nitrate concentrations (100 μg/l, 300 μg/l and 500 μg/l). In the pre-hatching stage (30 h-PFS) the activity of the three enzymes increased at exposure to 100 μg/l lead nitrate and then decreased with increasing dose. In the post-hatching stages (48 h-PFS–168 h-PFS) G6PDH activity increased and LDH activity decreased with increasing lead concentrations. Unlike G6PDH and LDH, the PK enzyme fluctuated during the post-hatching stages and did not reveal a specific trend of response (increase or decrease) with increasing lead concentrations. Therefore, the measurement of G6PDH and LDH activities, but not PK activity, could be useful biomarkers of intoxication to reveal the embryotoxic potential of lead nitrate in fish embryos. The post-hatching stages of the African catfish are more sensitive than the pre-hatching stage (30 h-PFS) is, probably due to the protective capacity provided by the hardened chorion. The interaction and the main effects of age and lead doses were found to be highly significant, referring to the great impact of lead on these enzyme systems with increasing early development.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank K. Kuntze for her continuous help during the measurement of the enzyme activities; colleagues at the chemical laboratory of the IGB for their continuous advice; Mr. Gaertner for help during the trip to the Netherlands, and colleagues at the Department of Fish Culture and Fisheries in Wageningen for their help concerning the reproduction of Clarias gariepinus.

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  1. Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587, Berlin, Germany

    Alaa G. M. Osman & Frank Kirschbaum

  2. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

    Imam A. Mekkawy

  3. Department of Fish Culture and Fisheries, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Johan Verreth

  4. Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

    Frank Kirschbaum

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  1. Alaa G. M. Osman
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Osman, A.G.M., Mekkawy, I.A., Verreth, J. et al. Effects of lead nitrate on the activity of metabolic enzymes during early developmental stages of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Fish Physiol Biochem 33, 1–13 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-006-9111-8

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