Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Host plant resistance to insect pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.): achievements and future prospects

Euphytica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is an important cash, food and nutritional security grain legume crop in the semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. However, its productivity is hampered by several biotic stress factors including numerous insect pests that infest and damage the crop at all its development stages in the field as well as during storage. Host plant resistance is an environmental-friendly, cost-effective and sustainable pest management option for minimizing the pests’ incidence and severity. This review article aims at describing the major insect pests in cowpea and highlight key past and recent research findings in cowpea resistance to insect pests. It also provides in-depth knowledge in the host-plant resistance mechanisms in cowpea i.e. biophysical, biochemical and physiological factors that regulate the defense systems in the plant. Furthermore, the paper discusses the need for advanced investigation on the genetic basis of the plant defense systems and its application to the crop breeding program for developing new improved materials. The review would support the cowpea breeding program with the overall expectations of developing insect-resistant lines, reducing the input costs of insecticides while also enhancing cowpea productivity in sub-Saharan Africa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abudulai M, Salifu AB, Haruna M (2006) Screening of cowpeas for resistance to the flower bud thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Appl Sci 6:1621–1624

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • African Centre for Biodiversity (ACB) (2015) GM and seed industry eye Africa’s lucrative cowpea seed markets: the political economy of cowpea in Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Ghana and Malawi. http://acbio.org.za/cowpea/

  • Agbicodo EM, Fatokun CA, Bandyopadhyay R, Wydra K, Diop NN, Muchero W et al (2010) Identification of markers associated with bacterial blight resistance loci in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Euphytica 175:215–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alabi OY, Odebiyi JA, Jackai LEN (2003) Field evaluation of cowpea cultivars (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) for resistance to flower bud thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Int J Pest Manag 49(4):287–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alabi OY, Odebiyi JA, Tamo M, Omoloye AA (2011) The roles of plant secondary metabolites from cowpea floral structures in resistance to the flower bud thrips. J Agril Sci Tech 262–269

  • Amusa DO, Ogunkanmi AL, Bolarinwa K, Ojobo O (2013) Evaluation of four cowpea lines for bruchid (Callosobruchus maculatus) tolerance. J Nat Sci Res 3(13):46–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Anno-Nyako FO, Vetten H, Allen DJ, Thottappilly G (1983) The relation between cowpea golden mosaic and its vector, Bemisia tabaci. Ann Appl Biol 102(2):319–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asante SK, Tamo M, Jackai LEN (2001) Integrated management of cowpea pest using elite cultivars, date of planting and minimum insecticide application. Afr Crops Sci J 9(4):655–665

    Google Scholar 

  • Asiwe JAN, Belane D, Dakora FD (2009) Evaluation of cowpea breeding lines for nitrogen fixation at ARC-Grain Crops Institute, Potchefstroom, South Africa. Abstract, the 16th International Congress on Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Montana, USA, pp 14–19

  • Azeez OM, Pitan OOR (2014) Comparative seed resistance in eighty cowpea accessions to the seed bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 47(15):1806–1814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babura SR, Mustapha Y (2012) Screening for development of host plant resistance to infestation by aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp). Bayero J Pure Appl Sci 5(1):44–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Bata HD, Singh BB, Singh SR, Ladeinde TAO (1987) Inheritance of resistance to aphid in cowpea. Crop Sci 27(5):892–894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett RN, Wallsgrove RM (1994) Secondary metabolites in plant defence mechanisms. New Phytol 127(4):617–633

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bett B, Gollasch S, Moore A, James W, Armstrong J, Walsh T, Higgins TJ (2017) Transgenic cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) expressing Bacillus thuringiensis Vip3Ba protein are protected against the Maruca pod borer (Maruca vitrata). Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), pp 1–11

  • Birch ANE, Fellows LE, Evans SV, Doherty K (1986) Para-aminophenylalanine in Vigna: possible taxonomic and ecological significance as a seed defence against bruchids. Phytochemistry 25(12):2745–2749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booker RH (1965) List of insect species found in association with cowpea at Sumaru. Samaru M. Sc. Paper N09, IAR, Abuja, Zaria. In FAO, 1982, Breeding for Durable Disease and Pest Resistance, FAO plant production and protection paper (55), p 139

  • Boukar O, Fatokun C (2009) Strategies in cowpea breeding. In Zerihun T (ed) New approaches to plant breeding of orphan crops in Africa: proceedings of an international conference, 19–21 September 2007, Bern, Switzerland, pp 69–92

  • Boukar O, Kong L, Singh BB, Murdock L, Ohm HW (2004) AFLP and AFLP-derived SCAR markers associated with Striga gesnerioides resistance in cowpea. Crop Sci 44:1259–1264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boukar O, Bhattacharjee R, Fatokun C, Kumar LP, Gueye B (2013) Cowpea. In: Singh M, Upadhyaya HD, Bisht IS (eds) Genetic and genomic resources of grain legume improvement. Newnes. Elsevier, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Boukar O, Belko N, Abberton M, Fatokun C (2015) Cowpea breeding. Book of abstract of tropentag 2015 conference on management of land use systems for enhanced food security—conflicts, controversies and resolutions, September 16–18, Berlin, Germany

  • Bressani R (1985) Nutritive value of cowpea. Cowpea research, production and utilization, pp 353–359

  • Chalfant RB (1985) Entomological research on cowpea pests in the USA. In Singh SR, Rachie KO (eds) Cowpea research, production and utilization. Wiley, New York, pp 265–271

  • Chambliss OL and Hunter AG (1997) Vigna uguiculata germplasm evaluated for resistance to insects. In Singh BB, Mohan Raj DR, Dashiell KE and Jackai LEN (eds) Advances in cowpea research. Co-publication of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS). IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp 285–291

  • Cisse N, Hall AE (2003) Traditional cowpea in Senegal, a case study, p 27

  • Cortesero AM, Stapel JO, Lewis WJ (2000) Understanding and manipulating plant attributes to enhance biological control. Biol Control 17:35–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coulibaly O, Alene AD, Manyong V, Sanogo D, Abdoulaye T, Chianu J, Fatokun C et al. (2009) Situation and outlook for cowpea and soybean in sub-saharan Africa. II Project in West and East Africa

  • CTA (1991) Les ennemis des cultures vivrières dans le Sahel. Spore 36. CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

  • Dabire-Binso CL, Ba NM, Sanon A, Drabo I, Bi KF (2010) Resistance mechanism to the pod-sucking bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the cowpea IT86D-716 variety. Int J Trop Insect Sci 30:192–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dannon EA, Tamò M, van Huis A, Dicke M (2010) Functional response and life history parameters of Apanteles taragamae, a larval parasitoid of Maruca vitrata. Biocontrol 55(3):363–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devereau AD, Jackai LEN, Olusegun TB and Asiwe ANJ (2002) Evaluation of a novel technique for screening cowpea varieties for resistance to the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. In Fatokun CA, Tarawali SR., Singh BB, Kormawa PM, Tamo M (eds) Challenges and opportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpea production. In Proceedings of the world cowpea conference III held at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000, pp 136–146

  • Dicke M, Baldwin IT (2010) The evolutionary context for herbivore-induced plant volatiles: beyond the ‘cry for help’. Trends Plant Sci 15(3):167–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edde PA, Amatobi CI (2000) Relative resistance of some cowpea varieties to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Sustain Agric 17:67–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egho EO (2010) Comparative studies on insect species of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in two agro-ecological zones during the early cropping season in Delta State, Southern Nigeria. Agric Biol J North Am 1(5):946–949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egho EO (2011) Effects of two agro-ecological zones on insect species of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) Walp during the late cropping season, Delta State, Southern Nigeria. Agric Biol J North Am 2(3):448–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers JD (1994) Correlation of performance of sole-crop and intercrop cowpeas with and without protection from insect pests. Field Crops Res 36:133–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers JD, Hall AE (1997) Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Field Crops Res 53(1):187–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S (2001) Pathogenicity and antifeedant activity of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes to the cowpea leaf beetle, Ootheca mutabilis Shalberg. Insect Sci. Appl. 21(1):55–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrar Jr RR, Kennedy GG (1991) Insect and mite resistance in tomato. In Genetic improvement of tomato. Springer, Berlin, pp 121–142

  • Fatokun CA (2002) Breeding cowpea for resistance to insect pests: attempted crosses between cowpea and Vigna vexillata, vol. 52. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria

  • Fatokun CA, Perrino P, Ng NQ (1997) Wide crossing in African Vigna species. Advances in cowpea research. Co-publication of International Institute of Agriculture (IITA) and Japan International Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS). IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp 50–57

  • Gatehouse JA (2008) Biotechnological prospects for engineering insect-resistant plants. Plant Physiol 146:881–887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gatehouse AM, Boulter D (1983) Assessment of the antimetabolic effects of trypsin inhibitors from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and other legumes on development of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. J Sci Food Agric 34(4):345–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatehouse AM, Gatehouse JA, Dobie P, Kilminster AM, Boulter D (1979) Biochemical basis of insect resistance in Vigna unguiculata. J Sci Food Agric 30(10):948–958

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatehouse AM, Fenton KA, Jepson I, Pavey DA (1986) The effects of α-amylase inhibitors on insect storage pests: inhibition of α-amylase in vitro effects on development in vivo. J Sci Food Agric 37:727–734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gowda BS, Miller JL, Rubin SS, Sharma DL, Timko MP (2000) Isolation, sequencing and mapping of resistance gene analogs from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). In Fatokun CA, Tarawali SA, Singh BB, Kormawa PM, Tawo M (eds) Challenges and opportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpea production. Proceedings of the world cowpea conference III held at the International Institutes of Tropical Agriculture Ibadan, Nigeria, 4–8 September 2000, 167–184

  • Hall AE, Cisse N, Thiaw S, Elawad HO, Ehlers JD, Ismail AM et al (2003) Development of cowpea cultivars and germplasm by the Bean/Cowpea CRSP. Field Crops Res 82(2):103–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz AR, Ishaaya I (2014) Dynamics of biotypes B and Q of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and its impact on insecticide resistance. Pest Manag Sci 70(10):1568–1572

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huesing JE, Murdock LL, Shade RE (1990) Effects of wheat germ isolectins on development of cowpea weevil. Phytochemistry 30:785–788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huynh B-L, Ehlers JD, Ndeve A, Wanamaker S, Lucas MR, Close TJ, Roberts PA (2015) Genetic mapping and legume synteny of aphid resistance in African cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) grown in California. Mol Breed 35:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huynh BL, Matthews WC, Ehlers JD, Lucas MR, Santos JR, Ndeve A et al (2016) A major QTL corresponding to the Rk locus for resistance to root-knot nematodes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). Theor Appl Genet 129(1):87–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isubikalu P, Erbaugh JM, Semana AR, Adipala E (2000) The influence of farmers perception on pesticide usage for management of cowpea field pests in Eastern Uganda. Afr Crop Sci J 8(3):317–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackai LEN (1981) Relationship between cowpea crop phenology and field infestation by the legume pod-borer, Maruca testulalis. Ann Entomol Soc Am 74:402–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackai LEN (1982) A field screening technique for resistance of cowpea (Vigna unyuiculata) to the pod-borer Maruca testulalis (Geyer) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae). Bull Entomol Res 72:145–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackai LEN, Adalla CB (1997) Pest management practices in cowpea: a review. In Singh BB, Mohan Raj DR, Dashiell KE, Jackai LEN (eds) Advanced in cowpea research. Co-publication of IITA and JIRCAS. IITA, Ibandan, Nigeria, p 240

  • Jackai LEN, Daoust RA (1986) Insect pests of cowpeas. Annu Rev Entomol 31:95–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackai LEN, Oghiakhe S (1989) Pod wall trichomes and resistance of two wild cowpea, Vigna vaxillata accessions to Maruca testulalis (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal (Demiptera: Coreidae). Bull Entomol Res 79:595–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackai LEN, Singh SR (1988) Screening techniques for host plant resistance to insect pests of cowpea. Trop Grain Legum Bull 35:2–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackai LEN, Nokoe S, Tayo BO, Koona P (2001) Inferences on pod wall and seed defences against the brown cowpea coreid bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal. (Hem., Coreidae) in wild and cultivated Vigna species. J Appl Entomol 125(5):277–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayappa BG, Lingappa S (1988) Causes of resistance to Aphis craccivora Koch. In cowpea germplasm in India. Int J Pest Manag 34(1):59–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Karungi J, Adipala E, Ogenga-Latigo MW et al (2000) Pest management in cowpea. PartI. Influence of planting time and plant density on cowpea field pest infestation in eastern Uganda. Crop Prot 19:231–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kogan M (1994) Plant resistance in pest management. In Metcalf RL, Luckmann WH (eds) Introduction to insect pest management, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York

  • Koona P, Osisanya EO, Jackai LEN, Tamo M, Markham RH (2002) Resistance in accessions of cowpea to coreid pod-bug Clavigralla tomentosicollis (Hemiptera: Coreidae). J Econ Entomol 95:1281–1288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lattanzio V, Linsalata V, Maruca G, Marullo R, Singh BB, Sighn SR and Perrino P (1990) Pre-existing phenols and resistance to aphid in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). In Ng QN, Monti LM (eds) Cowpea genetic resources. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. Printed by Amarin Printing Group Co, Ltd.Thailand, pp 128–136

  • Lattanzio V, Arpaia S, Cardinali A, Di Venere D, Linsalata V (2000) Role of endogenous flavonoids in resistance mechanism of Vigna to aphids. J Agric Food Chem 48(11):5316–5320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lattanzio V, Terzano R, Cicco N, Cardinali A, Venere DD, Linsalata V (2005) Seed coat tannins and bruchid resistance in stored cowpea seeds. J Sci Food Agric 85(5):839–846

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas MR, Ehlers JD, Roberts PA, Close TJ (2012) Markers for quantitative resistance to foliar thrips in cowpea. Crop Sci 52:2075–2081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas MR, Ehlers JD, Huynh BL, Diop NN, Roberts PA, Close TJ (2013) Markers for breeding heat-tolerant cowpea. Mol Breed 31:529–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacFoy CC, Dabrowski ZT (1984) Preliminary studies of cowpea resistance to Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae). J Appl Entomol 97:202–209

    Google Scholar 

  • MacFoy GA, Dabrowski ZT, Okech S (1983) Studies on the legume pod-borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer)—VI. Cowpea resistance to oviposition and larval feeding. Int J Trop Insect Sci 4(1–2):147–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Machuka J (2002) Potential role of transgenic approaches in the control of cowpea insect pests. In Fatokun CA, Tarawali SA, Singh BB, Kormawa PM, Tamo M (eds) Challenges and opportunities for enhancing sustainable cowpea production. Intl Inst Tropical Agric, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp 213–232

  • Mahipal MS (2016) Biophysical and biochemical evaluation of cowpea germplasm against major insect pests (Doctoral dissertation, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur)

  • Malgwi AM, Onu JI (2004) Insect pests of cowpea and groundnut in girei local government area of adamawa state. N J Entomol 21:137–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Mbata GN (1993) Evaluation of susceptibility of varieties of cowpea to Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Callosobruchus subinnotatus (Pic.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Stored Prod Res 2:207–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed BS, Ishiyaku MF, Abdullahi US, Katung US (2015) Genetics of Cry1Ab transgene in transgenic cowpea. Prod Agric Technol 11(1):108–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales FJ (2001) Conventional breeding for resistance to Bemisia tabaci-transmitted geminiviruses. Crop Prot 20(9):825–834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muchero W, Ehlers JD, Close TJ, Roberts PA (2009) Mapping QTL for drought stress-induced premature senescence and maturity in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Theor Appl Genet 118:849–863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muchero W, Ehlers JD, Roberts PA (2010) QTL analysis for resistance to foliar damage caused by Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) feeding in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Mol Breed 25:47–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muchero W, Ehlers JD, Close TJ, Roberts PA (2011) Genic SNP markers and legume synteny reveal candidate genes underlying QTL for Macrophomina phaseolina resistance and maturity in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.]. BMC Genomics 12:8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Muchero W, Roberts PA, Diop NN, Drabo I, Cisse N, Close TJ et al (2013) Genetic architecture of delayed senescence, biomass, and grain yield under drought stress in cowpea. PLoS ONE 8:e70041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murdock LL (1992) Improving insect resistance in cowpea through biotechnonology: Initiatives at Purdue University, USA. In Thottappilly G, Monti L, Mohan-Raj DR, Moore AW (eds) Biotechnology: enhancing research on tropical crops in Africa. CTA/IITA co-publication. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp 313–320

  • Neuenschwander P, Murphy ST, Coly EV (1987) Introduction of exotic parasitic wasps for the control of Liriomyza trifolii (Dipt., Agromyzidae) in Senegal. Int J Pest Manag 33(4):290–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen SS, Brandt WE, Singh BB (1993) Genetic variability for nutritional composition and cooking time of improved cowpea lines. Crop Sci 33(3):469–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obatolu VA (2003) Growth pattern of infants fed with a mixture of extruded malted maize and cowpea. Nutrition 19:174–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obopile M, Ositile B (2010) Life table and population parameters of cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) on five cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L. Walp.) varieties. J Pest Sci 83(1):9–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2015) Consensus document on the biology of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology No. 60

  • Ofuya TI (1993) Evaluation of selected cowpea varieties for resistance to Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) at the seedling and podding phase. Ann Appl Biol 123(1):19–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ofuya TI (1997) Control of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae), in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Integr Pest Manag Rev 2(4): 199–207

  • Ofuya TI, Lale NES (2001) Pests of stored cereals and pulses in Nigeria: biology, ecology and control. Pests of Stored Cereals and Pulses in Nigeria: Biology, Ecology and Control

  • Oghiakhe S, Jackai LEN, Makanjuola WA (1991) Anatomical parameters of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. stem and pod wall resistance to the legume pod borer Maruca testulalis Geyer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Int J Trop Insect Sci 12(1–2–3): 171–176

  • Oghiakhe S, Jackai LEN, Makanjuola WA, Hodgson GJ (1992) Morphology, distribution and the role of trichomes in cowpea (Vigna vexillata) resistance to the legume borer, Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Bull Environ Res 82:499–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oigiangbe ON, Jacakai LEN, Ewete FK, Lajide L (2001) The nutritional ecology of Maruca vitrata I: development on flowers of wild and cultivated Vigna species. Insect Sci Appl 20:259–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Oigiangbe ON, Jackai LEN, Ewete FK, Hughes J, Lajide L (2002) Reduced consumption and use of pods of Vigna species (Leguminosae) by Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Afr Entomol 10(2):333–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Oigiangbe ON, Jackai LEN, Ewete FK, Lajide L, Hughes J (2006) Effects of pubescence on the oviposition and feeding behaviour of M. vitrata Fabricius on Vigna species. Ghana J Sci 46:55–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Okech SH, Saxena KN (1990) Responses of Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae to variably resistant cowpea cultivars. Environ Entomol 19(6):1792–1797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okeyo-Owuor JB, Ochieng RS (1981) Studies on the legume pod-borer, Maruca testulalis (Geyer) life cycle and behaviour. Insect Sci Appl 1:263–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Ombakho GA, Tyagi AP, Pathak RS (1987) Inheritance of resistance to the cowpea aphid in cowpea. Theor Appl Genet 74(6):817–819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omoigui LO, Ekeuro GC, Kamara AY, Bello LL, Timko MP, Ogunwolu GO (2017) New sources of aphids [Aphis craccivora (Koch)] resistance in cowpea germplasm using phenotypic and molecular marker approaches. Euphytica 213(8):178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omo-Ikerodah EE, Fawole I, Fatokun CA (2008) Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with effects on resistance to flower bud thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti) identified in recombinant inbred lines of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). Afr J Biotechnol 7(3):263–270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otieno DA, Hassanali A, Nijorogen PW (1985) Chemical basis of TVu- 946 stem resistance to Maruca testulalis (Geyer). Insect Sci Appl 6:259–262

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouédraogo JT, Ouédraogo M, Gowda BS, Timko MP (2012) Development of sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers linked to race-specific resistance to Striga gesnerioides in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Afr J Biotechnol 11:12555–12562

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyewale RO, Bamaiyi LJ (2013) Management of cowpea insect pests. Sch Acad J Biosci (SAJB) 1(5):217–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Painter RH (1951) Insect resistance in crop plants, vol. 72, No. 6, 481. LWW

  • Painter RH (1958) Resistance of plants to insects. Annu Rev Entomol 3:267–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak RS (1988) Genetics of resistance to aphid in cowpea. Crop Sci 28(3):474–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul UV, Lossini JS, Edwards PJ, Hilbeck A (2009) Effectiveness of products from four locally grown plants for the management of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman)(both Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in stored beans under laboratory and farm conditions in Northern Tanzania. J Stored Prod Res 45(2):97–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett JA, Wadhams LJ, Woodcock CM, Hardie J (1992) The chemical ecology of aphids. Annu Rev Entomol 37(1):67–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popelka JC, Gollasch S, Moore A, Molvig L, Higgins TJV (2006) Genetic transformation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and stable transmission of the transgenes to progeny. Plant Cell Rep 25:304–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pottorff M, Wanamaker S, Ma YQ, Ehlers JD, Roberts PA, Close TJ (2012) Genetic and physical mapping of candidate genes for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum race 3 in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. PLoS ONE 7:e41600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pottorff MO, Li G, Ehlers JD, Close TJ, Roberts PA (2014) Genetic mapping, synteny, and physical location of two loci for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum race 4 resistance in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Mol Breed 33(4): 779–791

  • Prevett PF (1961) Field infestation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) pods by beetles of the families Bruchidae and Curculionidae in Northern Nigeria. Bull Entomol Res 52(4):635–645

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rachie KO (1985) Introduction. In: Singh SR, Rachie KO (eds) Cowpea research production and utilization. Wiley, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Redden RJ, Dobie P, Gatehouse AMR (1983) The inheritance of seed resistance to Callosobruchus maculatus F. in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). I. Analyses of parental, F1, F2, F3 and backcross seed generations. Crop Pasture Sci 34(6):681–695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues MA, Santos CAF, Santana JRF (2012) Mapping of AFLP loci linked to tolerance to cowpea golden mosaic virus. Genet Mol Res 11:3789–3797

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowell-Rahier M (1984) The presence or absence of phenolglycosides in Salix (Salicaceae) leaves and the level of dietary specialization of some of their herbivornus insects. Oecologia (Berl) 62:26–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubiales D, Fondevilla S, Chen W, Gentzbittel L, Higgins TJ et al (2015) Achievements and challenges in legume breeding for pest and disease resistance. Crit Rev Plant Sci 34(1–3):195–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rymal KS, Chambliss OL (1981) Influence of cultivar and maturity on pod wall strength in the southernpea [Cowpeas]. HortScience

  • Sallam MN, Bothe C (1999) Chapter II insect damage: damage on post-harvest. Entomol Res 53:301–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Semple RL (1992) Host plant and varietal resistance to post harvest insect attack. Towards integrated commodity and pest management in grain storage. FAO Corporate Document Repository

  • Sharma HC (1998) Bionomics, host plant resistance, and management of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata — a review. Crop Prot 17(5):373–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma HC, Crouch JH (2004) Molecular marker assisted selection: a novel approach for host plant resistance to insects in grain legumes. In Ali M, Singh BB, Kumar S, Dhar V (eds) Pulses in new perspective. Indian Society of Pulses Research and Development, Kanpur, pp 147–173

  • Sharma HC, Crouch JH, Sharma KK, Seetharama N, Hash CT (2002) Applications of biotechnology for crop improvement: prospects and constraints. Plant Sci 163(3):381–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SR (1985) Insects damaging cowpeas in Asia. In: Singh SR, Rachie KO (eds) Cowpea research, production and utilization. Wiley, Chichester, pp 247–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SR (1987) Host plant resistance for cowpea insect pests. Insect Sci Appl 8(4/5/6): 765–769

  • Singh BB (2014) Cowpea: the food legume of the 21st century. Crop Sci Soc Am, Madison

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SR, Allen DJ (1979) Cowpea pests and diseases (No. 2). International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan

  • Singh SR, Allen DJ (1980) Pests, diseases, resistance and protection in cowpea. In: Summerfield RJ, Bunting AH (eds) Advances in legume science. HMSO, London, pp 419–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SR, Jackai LEN (1985) Insect pests of cowpeas in Africa: their life cycle, economic importance and potential for control. Cowpea Res. Prod Util, pp 217–231

  • Singh SR, Jackai LEN (1988) The legume pod-borer, Maruca Testulalis (Geyer): past, present and future research. Mini Review. Insect Sci Appl 9(1):1–5

  • Singh BB, Singh SR (1990) Breeding for bruchid resistance in cowpea. In: Fujii K, Gatehouse AMR, Johnson CD, Mitchell R, Yoshida T (eds) Bruchids and legumes: economic, ecology and co-evolution. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 219–228

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Singh BB, Singh SR, Jackai LEN (1982) Cowpea breeding for disease and insect resistance. In FAO, 1982, Breeding for durable disease and pest resistance, FAO plant production and protection paper, 55, 139

  • Singh BB, Singh SR, Jackai LEN (1984) Cowpea breeding for disease and insect resistance. Breeding for durable disease and pest resistance, FAO plant production and protection paper 55:139

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SR, Jackai LEN, Singh BB, Ntare BN, Rossel HW, et al (1989) Cowpea research at IITA. GLIP Research Monograph No. 1. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Ibadan.

  • Singh SR, Jackai LEN, Dos Santos JHR, Adalla CB (1990) Insect pests of cowpea. In: Singh SR (ed) Insect pests of food legumes. Wiley, Chichester, pp 43–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh BB, Ehlers JD, Sharma B, Freire Filho FR (2002) Recent progress in cowpea breeding. Fatokun CA, Tarawali SA, Singh BB, Kormawa PM, pp 22–40

  • Sirinathsinghji E (2015). GM African cowpea to enter African markets. Science Society Archive: http://www.isis.org.uk/GM_AfricanCowpea_to_Enter_African_Markets.php

  • Smith CM (1989) Plant resistance to insects: a fundamental approach. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Somaatmadja S, Sutarman T (1978) Present status of mungbean breeding in Indonesia. In: Cowell R (ed) The first international mungbean symposium. AVRDC, Shanhua, pp 230–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Souleymane A, Aken’Ova ME, Fatokun CA, Alabi OY (2013) Screening for resistance to cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) in wild and cultivated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) accessions. Int J Sci Environ Technol 2:611–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Soundararajan RP, Chitra N, Geetha S (2013) Host plant resistance to insect pests of grain legumes–a review. Agric Rev 34(3):176–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sule H, Bello K (2006) Evaluation of neem products (Azaridachta indica A. Juss) for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in Stored Cowpea. Bio Environ Sci J Trop 3(3): 129–131

  • Taylor TA (1981) Distribution, ecology and importance of bruchids attacking grain legumes and pulses in Africa. In The ecology of bruchids attacking legumes (pulses). Springer, Netherlands, pp 199–203

  • Timko MP, Ehlers JD, Roberts PA (2007) Cowpea. Pulses, sugar and tuber crops. Springer, Berlin, pp 49–67

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Usua EJ, Singh SR (1979) Behaviour of the cowpea pod borer. Maruca testulalis Geyer, Niger J Entomol

    Google Scholar 

  • van Emden HF (1991) The role of host plant resistance in insect pest mis-management. CAB International. Bull Entomol Res 81:123–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voster IH, van Rensburg Willem J, Van Zijl JJB, Venter SL (2007) The importance of traditional leafy vegetables in South Africa. Afr J Food Agric Nutr Dev 7(4): 1–13

  • Woodhall S (2005) Field guide to butterflies of South Africa. Struik, Cape Town. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolley JN, Evans AM (1979) Screening for resistance to Maruca testulalis Geyer in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.). J Agric Sci 92:417–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zucker WV (1972) How aphids choose leaves; the roles of phenolics in bost selection by galling aphid. Ecology 63:972–981

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Togola.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Togola, A., Boukar, O., Belko, N. et al. Host plant resistance to insect pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.): achievements and future prospects. Euphytica 213, 239 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-2030-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-2030-1

Keywords

Navigation