Abstract
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is one of the most important minor grain crops in China. Head smut caused by Sporisorium destruens is a serious threat to broomcorn millet production. However, there is no information on the genetic diversity and virulence variation of S. destruens in China. To address this, a total of 51 S. destruens isolates were collected from broomcorn millet growing areas in China and characterized in genetic diversity with RAPD markers and 16 isolates representing different geographic origins and genotypes were tested in virulence. The Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic averages (UPGMA) dendrogram showed that the 51 isolates were divided into three lineages at an average similarity of 0.7022. There was no significant correlation between genotypes and geographic origins of the isolates. To determine the virulence variation of S. destruens isolates, a three-year resistance evaluation for 280 accessions was conducted and the results showed that the numbers of immune, highly resistant, resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible accessions were 8, 7, 108, 152 and 5, respectively. Ten accessions were selected as potential differential hosts. In virulence test, the 16 isolates tested were separated into three pathotypes and implied a virulence differentiation. This study demonstrated that S. destruens isolates had a moderate genetic diversity and a certain degree of virulence variation. Eight accessions were identified to be immune to S. destruens which were not previously discovered in China. The paper will provide a basis of knowledge for resistance breeding to broomcorn millet head smut.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson JA, Churchill JE, Autrique SD, Tanksley S, Sorrells ME (1993) Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps. Genome 36:181–188
Bakkeren G, Kronstad JW (1994) Linkage of mating-type loci distinguishes bipolar from tetrapolar mating in basidiomycetous smut fungi. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7085–7089
Beigi S, Zamanizadeh HR, Razavi M, Zare R (2013) Genetic diversity of Iranian isolates of barley scald pathogen (Rhynchosporium secalis) making use of molecular markers. J Agr Sci Tech 15:843–854
Bernardo MA, Naqvi N, Leung H, Zeigler RS, Nelson RJ (1993) Rapid method for DNA fingerprint of the rice blast fungus Pyricularia grisea. Inter Rice Res Notes 18:48–50
Cao LH, Kang ZS, Wei GR (2004) Studies on methods for gDNA extraction and RAPD analysis of wheat stripe rust. J Northwest Sci-Tech Univ of Agri and For (Nat Sci) 32:33–36 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen XM, Line RF, Leung H (1993) Relationship between virulence variation and DNA polymorphism in Puccinia striiformis. Phytopathology 83:1489–1497
Datta J, Lal N (2013) Genetic variability assessment of Fusarium wilt pathogen races affecting chickpea using molecular markers. J Microbiol Biotechnol Food Sci 2:2392–2397
Faris JA (1924) Physiological specialization of Ustilago hordei. Phytopathology 14:537–557
Frederiksen RA, Reyes L (1980) The head smut program at Texas A & M. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, Hyderabad, India, 11–15 December 1978, pp 367–373
Frowd JA (1980) A world review of sorghum smuts. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sorghum Diseases, Hyderabad, India, 11–15 December 1978, pp 331–348
Gao H, Wang XG, Guo QG, Li SZ, Lu XY, Ma P (2014) Phylogenetic and pathogenic analyses of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum isolates in Hebei Province by AFLP technique. Acta Phytophys Sin 41(3):311–319 (in Chinese with English abstract)
He ZD, Chen J, Gao ZG, Zhuang JH, Gao YF (2007) Study on genetic diversity of Sporisorium reilianum. J Maize Sci 15:133–136 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Herrera JA, Vallejo AB (1986) Distribution of races of head smut (Sporisorium reilianum) in the northeast and southwest areas of Mexico. Sorghum Newslett 29
Jamaux-Despréaux I, Péros J (2003) Genetic structure in populations of the fungus Fomitiporia punctata associated with the esca syndrome in grapevine. Vitis 42(1):43–51
Jiang Y, Xu XD, Liu ZH, Dong HY, Zhao SH (2007) Genetic diversity of Sporisorium reilianum of maize. J Shenyang Agric Univ 38:522–526 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Kovacs J, Koppanyi M, Nemeth N, Petroczi I (1997) Occurrence and prevention of head smut caused by Sporisorium destruens (Schlechtend) K. Vanky in millet. Novenytermeles 46:373–381
Lamine M, Mliki A (2015) Elucidating genetic diversity among sour orange rootstocks: a comparative study of the efficiency of RAPD and SSR markers. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 175:2996–3013
Liu TR (1984) The conceptions of smut fungi and smut disease I. In: Liu TR (ed) smut fungi and smut disease. Agriculture Press, Beijing
Ma JT, Wang DX, Gong XJ, Gao J (2008) Analysis on genetic diversity of Sporisorium reilianum from 6 provinces and regions in China. J Maize Sci 16:139–143 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Mantel N (1967) The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res 27:209–220
Osaki K, Fujiyama S, Nakayama A, Shimizu Y, Ito SI, Tanaka S (2008) Relation between pathogenicity and genetic variation within Plasmodiophora brassicae. J Gen Plant Pathol 74:281–288
Pecina V, de Jesus Alvarado M, Alanis HW, de la Torre Almaraz R, Vandemark GJ (2000) Detection of double-stranded RNA in Macrophomina phaseolina. Mycologia 92:900–907
Prom LK, Perumal R, Erattaimuthu SR, Erpelding JE, Montes N, Odvody GN, Greenwald C, Jin ZY, Frederiksen R, Magill CW (2011) Virulence and molecular genotyping studies of Sporisorium reilianum isolates in sorghum. Plant Dis 95:523–529
Que Y, Xu L, Lin J, Chen R, Grisham MP (2012) Molecular variation of Sporisorium scitamineum in Mainland China revealed by RAPD and SRAP markers. Plant Dis 96(10):1519–1525
Rohlf FJ (2000) NTSYS-pc. Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system. Version 2.1. Exeter Publishing, Setauke
Sharma P, Deep S, Sharma M, Bhati DS (2013) Genetic variation of Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc., causal agent of dark leaf spot of cauliflower and mustard in India. J Gen Plant Pathol 79:41–45
Stromberg EL, Stienstra WC, Kommedahl T, Matyac CA, Windels CE, Geadelmann JL (1984) Smut expression and resistance of corn to Sphacelotheca reiliana in Minnesota. Plant Dis 68:880–884
Suzuki T, Tanaka-Miwa C, Ebihara Y, Ito Y, Uematsu S (2010) Genetic polymorphism and virulence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne). J Gen Plant Pathol 76:247–253
Tapke VF (1937) Physiologic races of Ustilago hordei. J Agric Res 55:683–692
Valverde ME, Vandemark GJ, Martínez O, Paredes-López O (2000) Genetic diversity of Ustilago maydis strains. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 16:49–55
Wang XY (1990) The resistance of broomcorn millet germplasms on head smut. In: Wang XY, Shi YL, Liu WH, Ren JH (eds) Broomcorn millet germplasm collection in China. Agriculture Press, Beijing, p 172
Wang XY, Wang L, Wen QF (2004) Identification of broomcorn millet varieties resource for resistance to smut in China. J Shihezi Univ (Nat Sci) 22:43–45 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang L, Wang XY, Wen QF, Zhao WH, Liu JY (2008) Identification and evaluation of resistance to dustbrand in Chinese proso millet germplasm resources (in Chinese with English abstract). J Plant Genet Resour 9:497–501
Xu XD, Dong HY, Jiang Y, Bai JK (2003) Analysis of genetic relationships among Sporisorium Reilianum isolates by RAPD. Mycosystema 22:56–61 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yadav B, Singh R, Kumar A (2013) Genetic variability and relationship analysis of Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates causing spot blotch disease in wheat using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Afr J Biotechnol 12:2526–2531
Yin ZX, Zhu HQ, Li ZF, Feng ZL (2011) Genetic diversity of Verticillium dahliae populations of cotton in china based on SSR analysis. Cott Sci 23(4):369–378 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang XF, Gao ZG, Zhuang JH, Zhao H, Zhao BX, Sui H (2010) Genetic diversity of Sporisorium reilianum by UP-PCR, ISSR and AFLP analysis. Acta Phytophys Sin 37:241–248 (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang F, Ping J, Du Z, Cheng Q, Huang Y (2011) Identification of a new race of Sporisorium reilianum and characterization of the reaction of sorghum lines to four races of the head smut pathogen. J Phytopathol 159:342–346
Zhou YL, Pan YJ, Xie XW, Zhu LH, Xu JL, Wang S, Li ZK (2008) Genetic diversity of rice false smut fungus, Ustilaginoidea virens and its pronounced differentiation of populations in North China. J Phytopathol 156:559–564
Funding
This study was funded by the National Millet Crops Research and Development System (CARS-07-12.5-A9), the National Science and Technology Supporting Plan (2014BAD07B03) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371529). The experiments complied with the current laws of China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Yang Qu have contributed equally to this work.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
10681_2016_1723_MOESM1_ESM.tif
ESM_1 Phylogentic tree of S. destruens and related species of Ustilaginaceae based on sequences of ITS region. Supplementary material 1 (TIFF 290 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, Y., Qu, Y., Zhu, M. et al. Genetic diversity and virulence variation of Sporisorium destruens isolates and evaluation of broomcorn millet for resistance to head smut. Euphytica 211, 59–70 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-016-1723-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-016-1723-1