Abstract
The appearance and spread of races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with virulence for the Sr31 resistance gene has renewed interest in breeding for durable resistance to stem rust of wheat. Since the occurrence of stem rust has been low in South Africa until the detection of race TTKSF in 2000, breeding for resistance to this disease has not been a primary objective. The aim of this study was to test bread wheat cultivars and lines at the seedling stage for their infection response to stem rust, thus determining their level of resistance or vulnerability. A collection of 65 bread wheat entries was tested with one USA race, two Eastern African races, and three South African races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici. The Eastern African and South African races all belong to the Ug99 lineage. The cultivars Duzi, Caledon, Elands, PAN 3364, PAN 3191, SST 047, SST 399, and Steenbras produced resistant infection types (IT < 3) to all races. The molecular marker Sr24#50 indicated the presence of Sr24 in 12 entries. In cultivars resistant to TTTTF, TTKSF, and TTKSP but susceptible to TTKSK and PTKST, the iag95 DNA marker indicated the presence of Sr31 in five wheat lines. Using the cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker csSr2, Sr2 was detected in PAN 3377, Inia, and Steenbras. Few South African wheat cultivars appear to have a broad-based resistance to stem rust, as 88% of the entries were susceptible as seedlings to at least one of the races tested. Diversification of resistance sources and more directed breeding for stem rust resistance are needed in South Africa.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Boshoff WHP (2000) Control of foliar rusts of wheat in South Africa with special emphasis on Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. PhD Thesis, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
Brown GN (1997) The inheritance and expression of leaf chlorosis associated with gene Sr2 for adult plant resistance to wheat stem rust. Euphytica 95:67–71
Hayden MJ, Kuchel H, Chalmers KJ (2004) Sequence tagged microsatellites for the Xgwm533 locus provide new diagnostic markers to select for the presence of stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 109:1641–1647
Jin Y, Singh RP, Ward RW, Wanyera R, Kinyua MG, Njau P, Fetch T Jr, Pretorius ZA, Yahyaoui A (2007) Characterization of seedling infection types and adult plant infection responses of monogenic Sr gene lines to race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis 91:1096–1099
Jin Y, Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Fetch T Jr (2008) Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr24 within race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis 92:923–926
Jin Y, Szabo LJ, Rouse MN, Fetch T, Pretorius ZA, Wanyera R, Njau P (2009) Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr36 within the TTKS race lineage of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Dis 93:367–370
Le Roux J (1989) Physiologic specialisation of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Southern Africa during 1986–1987. Phytophylactica 21:255–258
Le Roux J, Rijkenberg FHJ (1987a) Pathotypes of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with increased virulence for Sr24. Plant Dis 71:1115–1119
Le Roux J, Rijkenberg FHJ (1987b) Occurrence and pathogenicity of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in South Africa during the period 1981–1985. Phytophylactica 19:467–472
Le Roux J, Rijkenberg FHJ (1988) Inheritance of resistance to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in South African wheat cultivars I. Spring cultivars. Phytophylactica 20:327–331
Le Roux J, Rijkenberg FHJ (1989) Inheritance of resistance to Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in South African wheat cultivars II. Winter cultivars. Phytophylactica 21:55–59
Lombard B (1986) Host-pathogen interactions involving wheat and Puccinia graminis tritici in South Africa. PhD Thesis, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Mago R, Spielmeyer W, Lawrence GJ, Lagudah ES, Ellis JG, Pryor A (2002) Identification and mapping of molecular markers linked to rust resistance genes located on chromosome 1RS of rye using wheat-rye translocation lines. Theor Appl Genet 104:1317–1324
Mago R, Miah H, Lawrence GJ, Wellings CR, Spielmeyer W, Bariana HS, McIntosh RA, Pryor AJ, Ellis JG (2005) High-resolution mapping and mutation analysis separate the rust resistance genes Sr31, Lr26 and Yr9 on the short arm of rye chromosome 1. Theor Appl Genet 112:41–50
Mago R, Simkova H, Brown-Guedira G, Dreisigacker S, Breen J, Jin Y, Singh R, Appels R, Lagudah ES, Ellis J, Dolezel J, Spielmeyer W (2011) An accurate DNA marker for stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 122:735–744
McIntosh RA, Wellings CR, Park RF (1995) Wheat rusts: an atlas of resistance genes. CSIRO Australia and Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Park RF (2007) Stem rust of wheat in Australia. Austr J Agric Res 58:558–566
Park RF (2008) Breeding cereals for rust resistance in Australia. Plant Pathol 57:591–602
Payne TS, Skovmand B, Lopez CG, Brandon E, McNab A (2002) The International Wheat Information System (IWISTM) Version 4, 2001. On compact disk, CIMMYT, Mexico
Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Wagoire WW, Payne TS (2000) Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Uganda. Plant Dis 84:203
Pretorius ZA, Pakendorf KW, Marais GF, Prins R, Komen JS (2007) Challenges for sustainable control of cereal rust diseases in South Africa. Austr J Agric Res 58:593–601
Pretorius ZA, Bender CM, Visser B, Terefe T (2010) First report of a Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race virulent to the Sr24 and Sr31 wheat stem rust resistance genes in South Africa. Plant Dis 94:784
Rowell JB (1984) Controlled infection by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici under artificial conditions. In: Bushnell WR, Roelfs AP (eds) The cereal rusts, vol 1: origins, specificity, structure and physiology. Academic Press, Orlando, pp 292–332
Saghai-Maroof MA, Biyashev RM, Yang GP, Zhang Q, Allard RW (1984) Extraordinary polymorphic microsatellite DNA in barley: species diversity, chromosomal locations and population dynamics. Proc Nat Acad Sci 91:5466–5470
Singh RP, Hodson DP, Huerta-Espino J, Jin Y, Njau P, Wanyera R, Herrera-Foessel SA, Ward RW (2008) Will stem rust destroy the world’s wheat crop? Adv Agr 98:271–309
Smit HA, Tolmay VL, Barnard A, Jordaan JP, Koekemoer FP, Otto WM, Pretorius ZA, Purchase JL, Tolmay JPC (2010) An overview of the context and scope of wheat (Triticum aestivum) research in South Africa from 1983 to 2008. SA J Plant Soil 27:81–96
Stakman EC, Stewart DM, Loegering WQ (1962) Identification of physiologic races of Puccinia graminis var. tritici. US Department of Agric., ARS E-617, p 53
Steffenson BJ, Jin Y, Brueggeman RS, Kleinhofs A, Sun Y (2009) Resistance to stem rust race TTKSK maps to the rpg4/Rpg5 complex of chromosome 5H in barley. Phytopathology 99:1135–1141
Visser B, Herselman L, Pretorius ZA (2009) Genetic comparison of Ug99 with selected South African races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Mol Plant Pathol 10:213–222
Visser B, Herselman L, Park RF, Karaoglu H, Bender CM, Pretorius ZA (2011) Characterization of two new Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici races within the Ug99 lineage in South Africa. Euphytica. doi:10.1007/s10681-010-0269-x
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Debbie Snyman and Elsabet Wessels for technical assistance, Afgri, ARC-Small Grain Institute, Sensako and Pannar for seed, and the Winter Cereal Trust and National Research Foundation for funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pretorius, Z.A., Jin, Y., Bender, C.M. et al. Seedling resistance to stem rust race Ug99 and marker analysis for Sr2, Sr24 and Sr31 in South African wheat cultivars and lines. Euphytica 186, 15–23 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-011-0476-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-011-0476-0