Abstract
Active sampling was conducted for the first time in Erzurum, Turkey, between August 2012 and January 2013, in order to investigate the presence of 82 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners. Urban and rural ambient air samples, including gas and particle phase atmospheric concentrations (GAPPACs) of PCBs, were collected simultaneously using high volume air sampler (HVAS) at two different sampling points of Erzurum. GAPPACs of PCB samples taken using HVAS in Palandöken Mountain Region (2565 m) and Ataturk University Campus (1870 m) were analyzed in GC–MS following appropriate extraction steps. Throughout the sampling period, total ambient air concentrations (gas phase + particulate phase) were 10 ± 6 and 27 ± 13 pg/m3 (mean) for Palandöken Mountain Region (PMR) and Atatürk University Campus (AUC), respectively. Low molecular weighted PCBs were found to be dominant in both rural an urban sampling sites. Meteorological parameters especially temperature (from Clausius–Clapeyron equation), wind direction, wind velocity, and precipitation were found to be effective on PCB concentration and distribution. The gas-particle distributions of PCBs in the summer and winter period were found to be 82% (gas phase) and 18% (particle phase) in the PMR and 90% (gas phase) and 10% (particle phase) in AUC, through Junge-Pankow adsorption model. In the light of these findings, total PCB concentrations detected in urban atmosphere (due to possible PCB sources) were observed to be higher than those determined in rural area.
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Data availability
Sampling and analysis of the study were generated and analyzed in 2012–2013. During the study period, no ethics committee report for this study was requested by Atatürk University and the supporting institution TÜBİTAK. It is not possible to obtain a retrospective ethics committee report for this study, which was conducted in 2012–2013. In any case, the study does not have a data set that would require an ethics committee decision. In addition, the study data has not been used or published in any way, neither on an online platform nor in a scientific study. Presenting these data to the public in an online platform will only be possible with the publication of this study. But the dataset is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This study was conducted in the scope of the project 113Y297 financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TÜBİTAK, and the projects 2011/405, 2012/436, and 2014/85 Atatürk University Scientific Research Projects Fund (BAP). Great thanks are presented to both TÜBİTAK and BAP for their supports.
Funding
This study was conducted in the scope of the project 113Y297 financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, TÜBİTAK, and the projects 2011/405, 2012/436, and 2014/85 Atatürk University Scientific Research Projects Fund (BAP).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Hanefi Bayraktar and Cihan Paloluoğlu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Cihan Paloluoğlu and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Paloluoğlu, C., Bayraktar, H. Determination of the gas/particle phase concentrations of PCBs in urban and rural atmosphere in Erzurum, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 194, 779 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10443-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10443-8