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Monitoring land use land cover changes and its impacts on land surface temperature over Mardan and Charsadda Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan

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Abstract

Land use/land cover (LULC) changes due to urban growth on the regional scale affect land surface temperature (LST). The present study aims to assess the LULC changes and their impact on LST over Mardan and Charsadda districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, in the period from 1990 to 2019. Landsat satellite (TM& ETM +) datasets in the period from 1990 to 2010 and Sentinel-2 images from 2016 to 2019 were used in this study. All the datasets were pre-processed and the LULC types were classified by maximum likelihood classification algorithm. The vegetation degradation was computed from normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and the LST was derived based on the LULC changes. The results showed that the overall accuracy of LULC classification was 87.84%. Dramatic LULC changes were observed during the last three decades, where the vegetation degradation area was decreased from 1307.8 (59.27%) to 1147.6 km2 (52.1%) and the barren land area increased from 816.6 (37.07%) to 961.4 km2 (42.64%). Similarly, the built-up area has also increased from 57.2 (2.5%) to 104.3 km2 (4.73%) in the years 1990 and 2019, respectively. These variations in LULC types have significantly influenced the LST from 1990 to 2019; specifically, the LST of built-up area, barren land, and vegetation cover increased from 20.1 to 32.1 °C, 21.5 to 35.5 °C, and 17.1 to 28.2 °C, respectively. The regression line plotted defines that the LST has a negative correlation with NDVI and a positive correlation with normalized difference of built-up index (NDBI). In particular, the vegetation and land covers dramatically transformed to barren land and/or to urban development over the study area in the period from 1990 to2019, which has severely affected the LST and the natural resources of the study area. Therefore, our study will be very helpful for managing the rapid environmental changes and urban planning.

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Acknowledgements

We highly appreciate Dr. Jeffery Dick for his valuable suggestion and comments that have helped us to significantly improve the English quality of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring, Ministry of Education, School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

    Rehan Khan, Huan Li & Yuan Lin Chen

  2. Key State Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping, and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China

    Muhammad Basir

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, 101408, China

    Meer Muhammad Sajjad

  4. Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitoring, Ministry of Education, School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

    Ihtisham Ul Haq

  5. School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

    Barkat Ullah

  6. Department of Computation and Investigation Center Institute of Polytechnic National, 77500, Mexico City, Mexico

    Muhammad Arif

  7. National Engineering Research Center for Geographic Information System (NERCGIS) School of Geography, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Waqas Hassan

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  1. Rehan Khan
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  2. Huan Li
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  3. Muhammad Basir
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  4. Yuan Lin Chen
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  5. Meer Muhammad Sajjad
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  7. Barkat Ullah
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  8. Muhammad Arif
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  9. Waqas Hassan
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Correspondence to Huan Li.

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Khan, R., Li, H., Basir, M. et al. Monitoring land use land cover changes and its impacts on land surface temperature over Mardan and Charsadda Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 194, 409 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10072-1

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