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Analysis of spatio-temporal variation in phytoplankton and its relationship with water quality parameters in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China

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Abstract

The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China (MRSNWDPC), the longest trans-basin water diversion project in the world, has been in operation for over 6 years. The water quality of this mega hydro-project affects the safety of more than 60 million people and the health of an ecosystem over 160,000 km2. Abnormal algal proliferation can cause water quality deterioration, eutrophication, and hydro-project operation issues. However, few studies have investigated and reported planktonic algae and their relationship with the water quality of this trans-basin water diversion project. Here, spatio-temporal characteristics of algal cell density (ACD) and 11 water quality parameters, including water temperature (WT), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), permanganate index (CODMn), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), fecal coliforms (F. coli), total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3N), fluoride (F), and sulfate (SO42−) in the MRSNWDPC from May 2015 to February 2019 were determined using multivariate statistical approaches. Consistent seasonal variation in ACD was observed each year, which grew in spring and then continuously decreased from summer to winter. Summer and winter are the seasons with the highest and lowest ACDs, with average values of 572.95 × 104 cell/L and 157.09 × 104 cell/L, respectively. The NH3N was positively correlated with ACD growth in all seasons, with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.594 to 0.738 (P < 0.01). The results of the principal component analysis show that the sources affecting the water quality variation in this project are complex, and NH3N was the most critical water quality parameter affecting ACD variation, which was linked to ACD in four seasons with strong positive loadings ranging from 0.754 to 0.882, followed by CODMn. The management department of the MRSNWDPC should focus on key periods of phytoplankton control in spring and summer; in addition, variation in the concentrations of NH3N and CODMn merits special attention. This study provides a helpful reference for the water quality security and algae control strategy of the MRSNWDPC and similar projects in the world.

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Part of the data in this article can be obtained by readers after the article is published online. Contact the corresponding author: dongguoshao@163.com, or the first author: nongxizhi@whu.edu.cn..

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all the editors and reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments which significantly improved this article, and would also need to acknowledge the Construction and Administration Bureau of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China that supported the data collection.

Funding

This research was funded by the China National Critical Project for Science and Technology on Water Pollution Prevention and Control (No. 2017ZX07108-001), and the Wuhan University Postgraduate Visiting Study Grant Project.

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The contribution list is shown in the following form. Guarantor of integrity of entire study: Yuming Shang, Jiankui Liang, and Dongguo Shao. Study concepts: Xizhi Nong, Jiankui Liang, and Dongguoshao. Study design: Yuming Shang, Jiankui Liang, and Dongguo Shao. Literature research: Xizhi Nong and Dongguoshao. Data acquisition: Xizhi Nong and Jiankui Liang. Data analysis/interpretation: Xizhi Nong and Dongguoshao. Statistical analysis: Xizhi Nong and Dongguoshao. Manuscript preparation: Xizhi Nong, Yuming Shang, and Dongguoshao. Manuscript editing: Xizhi Nong, Yuming Shang, and Dongguoshao. Manuscript revision/review: Xizhi Nong, Yuming Shang, Jiankui Liang, and Dongguoshao.

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Nong, X., Shao, D., Shang, Y. et al. Analysis of spatio-temporal variation in phytoplankton and its relationship with water quality parameters in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China. Environ Monit Assess 193, 593 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09391-6

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