Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of a sensitive and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of selected insecticides and herbicide in tap water and wastewater samples using vortex-assisted switchable solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction prior to determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

  • Published:
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, a switchable solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction method was developed to preconcentrate selected pesticides from tap water and wastewater matrices for determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A thorough optimization process was performed for prominent extraction parameters such as switchable solvent amount, concentration/amount of sodium hydroxide, salt type and mixing period. Optimum parameters obtained at the end of the optimization process were applied to aqueous standard solutions to validate the method. The linear dynamic ranges of all four analytes were appreciably wide with coefficient of determination values greater than 0.9997. The limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were calculated for the analytes in the ranges of 0.38–2.0 ng/mL and 1.3–6.5 ng/mL, respectively. Spiked recovery experiments were used to validate the accuracy of the developed method and to determine the performance of the method in different sample matrices. Tap water, municipal wastewater and medical wastewater were spiked at three different concentrations and analyzed under the method’s optimum conditions. The percent recovery results calculated for the samples were in the range of 79–107%, and this validated the method’s accuracy and applicability to complex matrices such as municipal and medical wastewater samples.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdulra’uf, L. B., Hammed, W. A., & Tan, G. H. (2012). SPME fibers for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: a review. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 42(2), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2011.632315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alewu, B., & Nosiri, C. (2011). Pesticides and human health. In M. Stoytcheva (Ed.), Pesticides in the Modern World-Effects of Pesticides Exposure (pp. 231-250): InTech.

  • Babaee, S., & Daneshfar, A. (2016). Determination of volatile compounds in rose-water and fruit juices using indirectly suspended droplet microextraction of water-miscible organic solvents by the salting-out effect. Analytical Methods, 8(7), 1489–1495. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5AY02503F.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bajwa, U., & Sandhu, K. S. (2014). Effect of handling and processing on pesticide residues in food-a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(2), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0499-5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassil, K. L., Vakil, C., Sanborn, M., Cole, D. C., Kaur, J. S., & Kerr, K. J. (2007). Cancer health effects of pesticides: systematic review. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 53(10), 1704–1711.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, F. P. (2017). Pesticides, environment, and food safety. Food and Energy Security, 6(2), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chormey, D. S., Bodur, S., Baskın, D., Fırat, M., & Bakırdere, S. (2018). Accurate and sensitive determination of selected hormones, endocrine disruptors, and pesticides by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after the multivariate optimization of switchable solvent liquid-phase microextraction. Journal of Separation Science, 41(14), 2895–2902. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201800223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalgıç Bozyiğit, G., Fırat, M., Chormey, D. S., Önkal Engin, G., & Bakırdere, S. (2019). Enhancing the accuracy and precision in quantifying the pesticides present in complex environmental and food samples by GC-MS using matrix matching calibration and isotopically labelled internal standard. In M. Feierabend, J. Wanner, & P. Vachová (Eds.), 11th Eastern European Young Water Professionals Conference Prague, Czech Republic, (pp. 294–301): The International Water Association.

  • Damalas, C. A., & Eleftherohorinos, I. G. (2011). Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(5), 1402–1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8051402.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erarpat, S., Cağlak, A., Bodur, S., Chormey, S. D., Engin, Ö. G., & Bakırdere, S. (2019). Simultaneous determination of fluoxetine, estrone, pesticides, and endocrine disruptors in wastewater by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) following switchable solvent–liquid phase microextraction (SS–LPME). Analytical Letters, 52(5), 869–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2018.1505897.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eren, Y., Erdoğmuş, S. F., Akyıl, D., Özkara, A., Konuk, M., & Sağlam, E. (2015). Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of dioxacarb by human peripheral blood lymphocytes CAs and Allium test. Cytotechnology, 67(6), 1023–1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-014-9741-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fargnoli, M., Lombardi, M., Puri, D., Casorri, L., Masciarelli, E., Mandić-Rajčević, S., & Colosio, C. (2019). The safe use of pesticides: a risk assessment procedure for the enhancement of occupational health and safety (OHS) management. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(3), 310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, W., Liu, X., Xia, S., Liang, B., & Zhang, W. (2016). Abiotic reduction of trifluralin and pendimethalin by sulfides in black-carbon-amended coastal sediments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 310, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.022.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kocaman, A. Y., & Bucak, S. (2016). Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of flumetralin in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 32(12), 1927–1934. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233715595142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kokosa, J. M. (2019). Selecting an extraction solvent for a greener liquid phase microextraction (LPME) mode-based analytical method. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 118, 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.012.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambropoulou, D. A., & Albanis, T. A. (2007). Liquid-phase micro-extraction techniques in pesticide residue analysis. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 70(2), 195–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal, A. T. (2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A review. Cogent Environmental Science, 3(1), 1339841. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2017.1339841.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milhome, M. A. L., de Lima, L. K., de A Nobre, C., de Lima, A. F. F., & do Nascimento, R. F. (2018). Effect of ozonization in degradation of trifluralin residues in aqueous and food matrices. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 53(12), 786–792. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2018.1505074.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mnif, W., Hassine, A. I. H., Bouaziz, A., Bartegi, A., Thomas, O., & Roig, B. (2011). Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), 2265–2303. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8062265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moein, M. M., Said, R., Bassyouni, F., & Abdel-Rehim, M. (2014). Solid phase microextraction and related techniques for drugs in biological samples. Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, 2014, 921350–921350. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/921350.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mostafalou, S., & Abdollahi, M. (2013). Pesticides and human chronic diseases: evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 268(2), 157–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2013.01.025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolopoulou-Stamati, P., Maipas, S., Kotampasi, C., Stamatis, P., & Hens, L. (2016). Chemical pesticides and human health: the urgent need for a new concept in agriculture. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 148–148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollet, P., Eckert, C. A., & Liotta, C. L. (2011). Switchable solvents. Chemical Science, 2(4), 609–614. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0SC00568A.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saghir, S. A., Charles, G. D., Bartels, M. J., Kan, L. H. L., Dryzga, M. D., Brzak, K. A., et al. (2008). Mechanism of trifluralin-induced thyroid tumors in rats. Toxicology Letters, 180(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.05.019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salameh, P., Waked, M., Baldi, I., Brochard, P., & Saleh, B. A. (2006). Respiratory diseases and pesticide exposure: a case-control study in Lebanon. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.039677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, J., & Soderlund, D. M. (2010). Divergent actions of the pyrethroid insecticides S-bioallethrin, tefluthrin, and deltamethrin on rat Na(v)1.6 sodium channels. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 247(3), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2010.07.001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verinder, W., & Shruti, S. (2018). Role of microorganisms in bioremediation of pesticides. In P. Vinay Mohan & Navneet (Eds.), Handbook of research on microbial tools for environmental waste management (pp. 164–189). IGI Global: Hershey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, S.-N., Wu, Y.-H., Chen, B.-S., Lo, Y.-C., & Liu, Y.-C. (2009). Underlying mechanism of actions of tefluthrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, on voltage-gated ion currents and on action currents in pituitary tumor (GH3) cells and GnRH-secreting (GT1-7) neurons. Toxicology, 258(1), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2009.01.009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yilmaz, E., & Soylak, M. (2016). Latest trends, green aspects, and innovations in liquid-phase--based microextraction techniques: a review. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 40(6), 868–893.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34220, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey

    Gamze Dalgıç Bozyiğit & Guleda Onkal Engin

  2. Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Department of Chemistry, 34220, Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey

    Merve Fırat Ayyıldız, Dotse Selali Chormey & Sezgin Bakırdere

Authors
  1. Gamze Dalgıç Bozyiğit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Merve Fırat Ayyıldız
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dotse Selali Chormey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Guleda Onkal Engin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sezgin Bakırdere
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sezgin Bakırdere.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bozyiğit, G.D., Ayyıldız, M.F., Chormey, D.S. et al. Development of a sensitive and accurate method for the simultaneous determination of selected insecticides and herbicide in tap water and wastewater samples using vortex-assisted switchable solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction prior to determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Environ Monit Assess 192, 275 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08266-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08266-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation