Abstract
The study reports the effect of Inderprastha (IP) and Badarpur (BP) fly ashes on degradation of metolachlor and atrazine in Inceptisol and Alfisol soils. Metolachlor dissipated at faster rate in Alfisol (t1/2 8.2–8.6 days) than in Inceptisol (t1/2 13.2–14.3 days). The fly ashes enhanced the persistence of metolachlor in both the soils; however, the extent of effect was more in Inceptisol (t1/2 16.6–33.8 days) than Alfisol (t1/2 8.4–12 days) and effect increased with fly ash dose. 2-Ethyl-6-methylacetanilide was detected as the only metabolite of metolachlor. Atrazine was more persistent in flooded soils (t1/2 10.8–20.3 days) than nonflooded soils (t1/2 3.7–12.6 days) and fly ash increased its persistence, but effect was more pronounced in the flooded Inceptisol (t1/2 23.7–31 days) and nonflooded Alfisol (t1/2 6.3–10.1 days). Increased herbicide sorption in the fly ash-amended soils might have contributed to the increased pesticide persistence. The IP fly ash inhibited microbial biomass carbon at 5 % amendment levels in both the soils, while BP fly ash slightly increased microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content. Dehydrogenase activity was inhibited by both fly ashes in both the soils with maximum inhibition observed in the IP fly ash-amended Alfisol. No significant effect of fly ash amendment was observed on the fluorescein diacetate activity.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Accinelli, C., Dinelli, G., & Catizone, A. V. P. (2001). Atrazine and metolachlor degradation in subsoils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 33, 495–500.
Black, C. A. (1965). Methods of soil analysis (part-1 and 2). Madison: American Society of Agronomy.
Blume, E., Bischoff, M., Moorman, T. B., & Turco, R. F. (2004). Degradation and binding of atrazine in surface and subsurface soils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 7382–7388.
Casida, L. E., Klein, D. A., & Santoro, T. (1964). Soil dehydrogenase activity. Soil Science, 98, 371–376.
DeLaune, R., Devai, I., Mulbah, C., Crozier, C., & Lindau, C. (1997). The influence of soil redox conditions on atrazine degradation in wetlands. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 66, 1–87.
EPA (2009). United State Environment Protection Agency, EPA 816-F-09-004, May 2009. Accessed 10 July 2012
Extoxnet (2000). Extension Toxicology Network. Pesticide information profile: Metolachlor. URL - http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/metolach.htm. Accessed 15 November 2015
Garau, M. A., Dalmau, J. L., & Felipo, M. T. (1991). Nitrogen mineralization in soil amended with sewage sludge and fly ash. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 12, 199–201.
Ghosh, R. K., & Singh, N. (2012a). Adsorption-desorption of metolachlor and atrazine in Indian soils: effect of fly ash amendment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185, 1833–1845.
Ghosh, R. K., & Singh, N. (2012b). Managing metolachlor and atrazine leaching losses using lignite fly ash. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84, 243–248.
Ghosh, P. K., & Philip, L. (2006). Environmental significance of atrazine in aqueous systems and its removal by biological processes: an overview. Global NEST Journal, 8, 159–178.
Green, V. S., Stott, D. E., & Diack, M. (2006). Assay for fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity: optimization for soil samples. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 693–701.
Guo, L., Wagenet, R. J., & Jury, W. A. (1999). Adsorption effects on kinetics of aldicarb degradation: equilibrium model and application to incubation and transport experiments. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 1637–1644.
Kholi, S. J., & Goyal, D. (2010). Effect of fly ash application on some soil physical properties and microbial activities. Acta Agrophysica, 16, 327–335.
Konstantinou, I. K., & Albanis, T. A. (2000). Adsorption-desorption studies of selected herbicides in soil fly ash mixtures. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 4780–4790.
Mahía, J., Martín, A., Carballas, T., & Díaz-Raviña, M. (2007). Atrazine degradation and enzyme activities in an agricultural soil under two tillage systems. Science of the Total Environment, 378, 187–194.
Majumdar, K., & Singh, N. (2007). Effect of soil amendments on sorption and mobility of metribuzin in soils. Chemosphere, 66, 630–637.
Pandey, V. C., & Singh, N. (2010). Impact of fly ash incorporation in soil systems. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 136, 16–27.
Pati, S. S., & Sahu, S. K. (2004). CO2 evaluation and enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, protease and amylase) of fly ash amended soil in presence and absence of earthworms (under laboratory condition). Geoderma, 118, 289–301.
Sanyal, D., & Kulshrestha, G. (2002). Metabolism of metolachlor by fungal cultures. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 499–505.
Sarangi, P. K., Mahakur, D., & Mishra, P. C. (2001). Soil biochemical activity and growth response of rice Oryza sativa in fly ash amended soil. Bioresource Technology, 76, 199–205.
Singh, N., Raunaq, & Singh, S. B. (2013a). Effect of fly ash amendment on persistence of metribuzin in soils. Journal of Environment Science and Health, B48, 108–113.
Singh, N., Raunaq, & Singh, S. B. (2014). Effect of fly ash on metsulfuron-methyl sorption and leaching in soils. Journal of Environment Science and Health, B49, 366–373.
Singh, N., Singh, S. B., Raunaq, & Das, T. K. (2013b). Effect of fly ash on persistence, mobility and bio-efficacy of metribuzin and metsulfuron-methyl in crop fields. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 85, 236–241.
Sondhia, S. (2014). Herbicides residues in soil, water, plants and non-targeted organisms and human health implications: an Indian perspective. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 46, 66–85.
Staddon, W. J., Locke, M. A., & Zablotowicz, R. M. (2001). Microbiological characteristics of a vegetative buffer strip soil and degradation and sorption of metolachlor. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65, 1136–1142.
Toccalino, P. L., & Hopple, J. A. (2010). The quality of our Nation’s waters—quality of water from public-supply wells in the United States, 1993–2007-Overview of major findings: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1346, p 58.
Vance, E. D., Brookes, P. C., & Jenkinson, D. S. (1987). An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass carbon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 19, 703–707.
Wu, X. M., Li, M., Long, Y. H., Liu, R. X., Yu, Y. L., Fang, H., & Li, S. N. (2011). Effects of adsorption on degradation and bioavailability of metolachlor in soil. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 11, 83–97.
Acknowledgment
Rakesh Kumar Ghosh was supported by the INSPIRE fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, New Delhi, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Consent to publish the work from co-author and the responsible authority of institution, where work was carried out, has been obtained. Research does not involve humans or animals.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghosh, R.K., Singh, N. & Singh, S.B. Effect of fly ash amendment on metolachlor and atrazine degradation and microbial activity in two soils. Environ Monit Assess 188, 482 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5486-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5486-x