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Hydrochemical assessment of tropical springs—a case study from SW India

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Abstract

The paper deals with the hydrochemical characterization and water quality assessment of springs emerging from the Archaean crystalline basements at the foothills of Western Ghat mountains in the highlands and Neogene sedimentary formations in the coastal lowlands of Kerala in south west India. A total of 19 springs from two important river basins of southern Kerala such as Ithikkara and Kallada river basins were studied for 18 physico-chemical (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, CO3 2−, HCO3 −, Cl−, SO4 2− , NO3 −, SiO2, Fe2+, and F− ) as well as bacteriological parameters. The discharge computations show that free-falling type of springs in the area discharge about 256.23 million liters of water a year. A comparative study between the spring water samples of highland and lowland regions reveal that the quality of spring water, except pH and bacteriological contents, satisfies the standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards and World Health Organization for drinking water. Spring water samples collected from the lowlands register high value of Na+ and Cl− compared with the highlands. Bicarbonate, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ values are high in highland than lowland springs. The present study reveals that the spring water sources in the region can be developed as an alternate source for drinking water, provided pH correction and proper disinfection are done prior to its end use.

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Acknowledgments

The authors (HCN and DP) thank the Director, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, for encouragement and support. Thanks are also due to Department of School of Environment Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), and Sophisticated Test and Instrumentation Centre (STIC), CUSAT, for facilities. The authors thank Mr. Vinod P.G., GeoVin Solutions, Kerala, for preparation of thematic maps. The critical comments, encouraging advices and suggestions of the anonymous referees helped immensely in improving the quality of the paper.

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  1. School of Environmental Studies, CUSAT, Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India

    Hema C. Nair & Ammini Joseph

  2. National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, 695031, Kerala, India

    D. Padmalal

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  1. Hema C. Nair
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Correspondence to Hema C. Nair.

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Nair, H.C., Padmalal, D. & Joseph, A. Hydrochemical assessment of tropical springs—a case study from SW India. Environ Monit Assess 187, 48 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4164-0

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