Abstract
Twenty-one strains of Botrytis cinerea isolated from six plant species on ten sites throughout Israel, as well as a strain from France, were tested for vegetative and mycelial incompatibility, pathogenicity, resistance to the fungicides carbendazim and iprodione, and colony morphology. Selenate-resistant mutants were isolated from the strains as spontaneous, fast-growing sectors arising from restricted colonies on medium amended with sodium selenate with a mean frequency of 0.04 sectors/colony; 81% of the sectors were sulphate non-utilizing (sul) mutants. One hundred and four sul mutants were divided into two complementary groups: resistant (66 mutants) and sensitive to chromate. Based on compatibility reactions between chromate-resistant and chromate-sensitive sul mutants, 12 strains were compatible only with themselves and were each classified as belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). Nine strains were each compatible with one to three other strains, and were assembled into three multi-member VCGs. Mycelial incompatibility between wild-type strains (barrage), in the form of a zone of dark pigmentation or sparse mycelium with or without dark pigmentation of the agar along the line of confrontation, was observed for 70% of the inter-strain pairings. There was no correspondence in compatibility between strains revealed by two approaches: strains in different VCGs did not necessarily produce a barrage. However, self-compatibility was observed both as heterokaryon formation between complementary sul mutants and as an absence of barrages between mycelia of wild-type strains; wild-type strains belonging to the same VCG did not exhibit strong barrages, although weak antagonistic reactions were observed. Strains in two multi-member VCGs showed the same patterns of resistance to carbendazim and iprodione; the third multi-member VCG contained isolates with different patterns of resistance. Four morphological types were revealed among wild-type strains: conidial (five strains), sclerotial (six strains), intermediate (ten strains), and mycelial (one strain). On bean leaves, conidial strains were more aggressive than sclerotial strains.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alfonso, C., Raposo, R., & Melgarejo, P. (2000). Genetic diversity in Botrytis cinerea populations on vegetable crops in greenhouses in south-eastern Spain. Plant Pathology, 49, 243–251.
Arst, H. N. (1968). Genetic analysis of the first steps of sulphate metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans. Nature, 219, 268–270.
Beever, R. E., & Parkes, S. L. (1993). Mating behavior and genetics of fungicide resistance of Botrytis cinerea in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 21, 303–310.
Beever, R. E., & Parkes, S. L. (2003). Use of nitrate non-utilizing (Nit) mutants to determine vegetative compatibility in Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109, 607–613.
Beever, R. E., & Weeds, P. L. (2004). Taxonomy and genetic variation of Botrytis and Botryotinia. In Y. Elad, P. Williamson, P. Tudzinski, & N. Delen (Eds.), Botrytis: Biology, pathology and control (pp. 29–52). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Campbell, C. L., & Madden, L. V. (1990). Introduction to plant disease epidemiology. New York: Wiley.
Correll, J. C., & Leslie, J. H. (1987). Recovery of spontaneous selenate resistant mutants from Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium moniliforme. Phytopathology, 77, 1710.
Delcan, J., & Melgarejo, P. (2002). Mating behaviour and vegetative compatibility in Spanish populations of Botryotinia fuckeliana. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 108, 391–400.
Elad, Y., Williamson, B., Tudzynski, P., & Delen, N. (2004). Botrytis spp. and diseases they cause in agricultural systems—an introduction. In Y. Elad, P. Williamson, P. Tudzinski, & N. Delen (Eds.), Botrytis: Biology, pathology and control (pp. 1–8). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Ford, E. J., Miller, R. V., Gray, H., & Sherwood, J. E. (1995). Heterokaryon formation and vegetative compatibility in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mycological Research, 99, 241–247.
Glass, N. L., Jacobson, D. J., & Shiu, P. T. K. (2000). The genetics of hyphal fusion and vegetative incompatibility in filamentous fungi. Annual Review of General, 34, 165–168.
Grindle, M. (1979). Phenotypic differences between natural and induced variants of Botrytis cinerea. Journal of General Microbiology, 111, 109–120.
Harp, T. L., & Correll, J. C. (1998). Recovery and characterization of spontaneous selenate-resistant mutants of Magnaporthe grisea, the rice blast pathogen. Mycologia, 90, 954–963.
Heale, J. B. (1988). Verticillium spp., the cause of vascular wilts in many species. Advances in Plant Pathology, 6, 291–312.
Jacobson, D. J., & Gordon, T. R. (1988). Vegetative compatibility and self-incompatibility within Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis. Phytopathology, 78, 668–672.
Katan, T., & Katan, J. (1999). Vegetative compatibility grouping in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici from the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Plant Pathology, 48, 541–549.
Katan, T., Zamir, D., Sarfatti, M., & Katan, J. (1991). Vegetative compatibility groups and subgroups in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Phytopathology, 81, 255–262.
Kerssies, A., Bosker-van-Zessen, A. I., Wagemakers, C. A. M., & van Kan, J. A. L. (1997). Variation in pathogenicity and DNA polymorphism among Botrytis cinerea isolates sampled inside and outside a glasshouse. Plant Disease, 81, 781–786.
Korolev, N., & Gindin, G. (1999). Vegetative compatibility in the entomopathogen Verticillium lecanii. Mycological Research, 103, 833–840.
Korolev, N., & Katan, T. (1999). Vegetative compatibility grouping in Verticillium nigrescens and V. tricorpus. Mycological Research, 103, 65–76.
Korolev, N., Katan, T., & Elad, Y. (2006). Use of selenate-resistant strains as markers for the spread and survival of Botrytis cinerea under greenhouse conditions. Phytopathology, 96, 1195–1203.
Korolev, N., Katan, J., & Katan, T. (2000). Vegetative compatibility groups of Verticillium dahliae in Israel: Their distribution and association with pathogenicity. Phytopathology, 90, 529–536.
Korolev, N., Perez-Artes, E., Bejarano-Alcazar, J., Rodrigues-Jurado, D., Katan, J., Katan, T., et al. (2001). Comparative study of genetic diversity of Verticillium dahliae from cotton in Spain and Israel. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 107, 443–456.
Leslie, J. F. (1993). Fungal vegetative compatibility. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 31, 127–151.
Levis, C., Fortini, D., & Brygoo, Y. (1997). Transformation of Botrytis cinerea with nitrate reductase gene (niaD) shows a high frequency of homologous recombination. Current General, 32, 157–162.
Lorbeer, J. W. (1980). Variation in Botrytis and Botryotinia. In J. R. Coley-Smith, K. Verhoeff, & W. R. Jarvis (Eds.), The biology of Botrytis (pp. 19–39). London: Academic.
Marzluf, G. A. (1970). Genetic and metabolic controls for sulfate metabolism in Neurospora crassa: Isolation and study of chromate-resistant and sulfate transport-negative mutants. Journal of Bacteriology, 102, 716–720.
Micali, O. C., & Smith, M. L. (2003). On the independence of barrage formation and heterokaryon incompatibility in Neurospora crassa. Fungal General Biology, 38, 209–219.
Puhalla, J. E. (1985). Classification of strains of Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of vegetative compatibility. Canadian Journal of Botany, 63, 179–183.
Raposo, R., Gomez, V., Urrutia, T., & Melgarejo, P. (2000). Fitness of Botrytis cinerea associated with dicarboximide resistance. Phytopathology, 90, 1246–1249.
Raposo, R., Gomez, V., Urrutia, T., & Melgarejo, P. (2001). Survival of Botrytis cinerea in southern Spanish greenhouses. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 107, 229–236.
Roberts, K. R., & Marzluf, G. A. (1971). The specific interaction of chromate with the dual sulfate permease systems of Neurospora crassa. Archives of Biochemical Biophysics, 142, 641–659.
Romesburg, H., & Clarles, A. (1990). Cluster analysis for researchers (p. 340). Malabar: Krieger.
Vakalounakis, D. J., & Fragkiadakis, G. A. (1999). Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum isolates from cucumber: differentiation by pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility, and RAPD fingerprinting. Phytopathology, 89, 161–168.
Vialta, A., Catani, C. F., Junior, R. B., & Azevedo, J. L. (1999). Isolation and characterization of selenate resistant mutants of Acremonium chrysogenum. Brazil Archives of Biological Technology, 42, 369–374.
Vogel, H. J. (1964). Distribution of lysine pathways among fungi: evolutionary implications. American Naturalist, 98, 435–446.
Weeds, P. L., & Beever, R. E. (2004). Vegetative compatibility groups in Botryotinia fuckeliana. Abstract. In: XIII International Botrytis Symposium, Antalya, Turkey, p. 78. Izmir, Turkey: Syngenta Crop Protection.
Weeds, P. L., Beever, R. E., & Long, P. L. (1998). New genetic markers for Botrytis cinerea (Botryotinia fuckeliana). Mycological Research, 102, 791–800.
White, G. J., Dobinson, K., & Traquair, J. A. (1998). Selection of nitrate-nonutilizing mutants in Verticillium, Alternaria, and Botrytis. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 20, 340.
Yourman, L. F., & Jeffers, S. N. (1999). Resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides in greenhouse isolates of Botrytis cinerea. Plant Disease, 83, 569–575.
Yunis, H., & Elad, Y. (1989). Survival of dicarboximide-resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea in plant debris during summer in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 17, 13–21.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported, in part, by a fellowship from the Israeli Ministry of Immigration and by the research fund of the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, project no. 132-1106-03. Contribution No 502/06 from the ARO, Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Protection.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Korolev, N., Elad, Y. & Katan, T. Vegetative compatibility grouping in Botrytis cinerea using sulphate non-utilizing mutants. Eur J Plant Pathol 122, 369–383 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9301-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-008-9301-6