Abstract
The management of phoma stem canker (blackleg disease, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans) is an integral component of oilseed rape production. In this paper, we discuss the information about management strategies that is disseminated in Europe and Australia. New cultivars have been introduced with improved resistance to disease, but sometimes this resistance has been overcome as new races of the pathogen have emerged. When cultivars with single major gene resistance have been introduced into areas with high inoculum concentrations, significant economic damage has been caused by new races of L. maculans within 2–3 years. Quantitative or polygenic resistance has also been used successfully against stem canker and offers more durable disease resistance if plant breeders and farmers deploy this resistance more effectively. Strategies to improve the durability of resistance need to be developed and tested in practice. New information on the occurrence of virulence and avirulence genes in populations of Leptosphaeria maculans and modelling of the durability of resistance provide opportunities for plant breeders, specialist technical organisations, cooperatives, advisory services and farmers to collaborate and better exploit cultivar resistance. Changing economic and environmental factors influence cropping practices and, if to be considered successful, management strategies must show clear financial benefits. Technology transfer will need to address all aspects of managing stem canker and other diseases of oilseed rape and using effective written, verbal and electronic methods of communication.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- DSS:
-
decision support system
References
Anonymous (2004) Colza d’hiver. 40 pp. CETIOM, Thiverval-Grignon, France
JN Aubertot JS West L Bousset-Vaslin MU Salam MJ Barbetti AJ Diggle (2006) ArticleTitleModelling for Integrated Management: case study of phoma stem canker of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 91–106 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-3628-z
MH Balesdent K Louvard X Pinochet T Rouxel (2006) ArticleTitleA large-scale survey of races of Leptosphaeria maculans occurring on oilseed rape in France European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 53–65 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-2104-0
DJ Ballinger PA Salisbury JF Kollmorgen TD Potter DR Coventry (1988) ArticleTitleEvaluation of rates of flutriafol for control of blackleg of rapeseed Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28 517–519 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXptVCqsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1071/EA9880517
MJ Barbetti R Khangura MU Salam P Carmody M Sweetingham G Walton C Zaicou-Kunesch (2000) ArticleTitleManaging Blackleg Agriculture Western Australia, Bulletin 4480 4
M Bearman (1989) ArticleTitleThe oilseed rape market in the United Kingdom Aspects of Applied Biology, Production and Protection of Oilseed Rape and other Brassica Crops 23 1–8
A Bokor MJ Barbetti AGP Brown GC MacNish PMcR Wood (1975) ArticleTitleBlackleg of rapeseed Journal of Agriculture of Western Australia 16 7–10
H Brun S Levivier I Somda D Ruer M Renard AM Chèvre (2000) ArticleTitleA field method for evaluating the potential durability of new resistance sources: application to the Leptosphaeria maculans-Brassica napus pathosystem Phytopathology 90 961–966 Occurrence Handle18944519
H Brun D Ruer S Levivier I Somda AM Chèvre M Renard (2001) ArticleTitlePresence in Leptosphaeria maculans populations of isolates virulent on resistance introgressed into Brassica napus from B. nigra B genome Plant Pathology 50 69–74 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00535.x
B Brunin L Lacoste (1970) ArticleTitleRecherches sur la maladie du colza due à Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces.Et de Not. II. Pouvoir pathogène des ascospores Annales de Phytopathologie 3 477–488
B Colton T Potter (1999) History PA Salisbury TD Potter G McDonald AG Green (Eds) Canola in Australia: the First Thirty Years Organising Committee of the 10th International Rapeseed Congress Canberra 1–4
R Delourme AM Chèvre H Brun T Rouxel MH Balesdent JS Dias SR Rimmer P Salisbury (2006) ArticleTitleMajor gene and polygenic resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 41–52 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-2108-9
N Evans JM Steed SJ Welham JF Antoniw JA Turner P Gladders BDL Fitt (2002) ArticleTitleInteractive forecasting on the internet of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) risk for winter oilseed rape International Organisation for Biological Control Bulletin 25 103–107
BDL Fitt H Brun MJ Barbetti SR Rimmer (2006) ArticleTitleWorld-wide importance of phoma stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa) on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 3–15 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-2233-5
BDL Fitt P Gladders JA Turner KG Sutherland SJ Welham JML Davies (1997) ArticleTitleProspects for developing a forecasting scheme to optimize use of fungicides for disease control on winter oilseed rape in the UK Aspects of Applied Biology 48 135–142
P Gladders N Evans B Fitt K Walters J Turner P Northing K Sutherland S Campbell A Selley B Hall D Ellerton D Naylor (2004a) ArticleTitleThe PASSWORD project: a decision support system for managing pests and diseases of winter oilseed rape in the UK International Organisation for Biological Control Bulletin 27 31–36
P Gladders K Jewell S McDonough (2004b) ArticleTitleThe contribution of cultivar resistance and fungicides to disease control in winter oilseed rape in England International Organisation for Biological Control Bulletin 27 51–56
P Gladders TM Musa (1979) ArticleTitleThe development of Leptosphaeria maculans in winter oilseed rape and its implications for disease control Proceedings 1979 British Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Diseases 1 129–136
P Gladders TM Musa (1980) ArticleTitleObservations on the epidemiology of L. maculans stem canker in winter oilseed rape Plant Pathology 29 28–37
P Gladders BS Symonds (1995) ArticleTitleOccurrence of canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) in winter oilseed rape in eastern England 1977–1993 International Organisation for Biological Control Bulletin 18 1–11
P Gladders BV Symonds NV Hardwick CE Sansford (1998) ArticleTitleOpportunities to control canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) in winter oilseed rape by improved spray timing International Organisation for Biological Control Bulletin 21 111–120
Gossende S, Penaud A, Aubertot JN, Schneider O and Pinochet X (2003) Evolution of soil surface oilseed rape residues and their ability to produce spores of Leptosphaeria maculans: preliminary results. Proceedings 11th International Rapeseed Congress, Copenhagen Denmark 4: 1166–1168
KE Hammond BG Lewis TM Musa (1985) ArticleTitleA systemic pathway for the infection of oilseed rape plants by Leptosphaeria maculans Plant Pathology 34 557–565
KE Hammond BG Lewis (1986) ArticleTitleThe timing and sequence of events leading to stem canker disease in populations of Brassica napus var. oleifera in the field Plant Pathology 35 551–564
Hardwick NV, Turner JA, Slough JE, Elcock SJ, Jones DR and Gladders P (2002) Oilseed rape and cereal diseases – how are farmers responding to their control. Proceedings of the BCPC Conference – Pests and Diseases 2002, 2: 903–910
KE Henriksen LN Jørgensen GC Nielsen (2000) ArticleTitlePC-Plant Protection – a Danish tool to reduce fungicide input in cereals The BCPC Conference – Pests & Diseases 2000 3 835–840
FM Humpherson-Jones RT Burchill (1982) ArticleTitleChemical suppression of the sexual stage of Leptosphaeria maculans on oil-seed rape and turnip seed crop straw Annals of Applied Biology 100 281–288 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhsFyh
RK Khangura MJ Barbetti (2001) ArticleTitlePrevalence of blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) in canola (Brassica napus) in Western Australia Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41 71–80 Occurrence Handle10.1071/EA00068
RK Khangura MJ Barbetti (2002) ArticleTitleEfficacy of Impact® to manage blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) in canola Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53 311–321 Occurrence Handle10.1071/AR01010 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XisFOltb4%3D
H Li MJ Barbetti K Sivasithamparam (2003a) ArticleTitleResponses of Brassica napus cultivars to Leptosphaeria maculans field isolates from Western Australia Brassica 5 25–34
H Li L Damour K Sivasithamparam MJ Barbetti (2004) ArticleTitleIncreased virulence and physiological specialization among Western Australian isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans breaking down existing single dominant gene-based resistance in six cultivars of Brassica napus Brassica 6 9–16
H Li K Sivasithamparam MJ Barbetti (2003b) ArticleTitleBreakdown of a Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris single dominant blackleg resistance gene in B. napus rapeseed by Leptosphaeria maculans field isolates in Australia Plant Disease 87 752
SJ Marcroft SJ Sprague SJ Pymer PA Salisbury BJ Howlett (2004) ArticleTitleCrop isolation, not extended rotation length, reduces blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) severity of canola (Brassica napus) in south-eastern Australia Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44 601–606 Occurrence Handle10.1071/EA03087
BA McDonald C Linde (2002) ArticleTitlePathogen population genetics, evolutionary potential, and durable resistance Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 349–379 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120501.101443 Occurrence Handle12147764 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xos1Cltbg%3D
DC McGee RW Emmett (1977) ArticleTitleBlackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces et de Not.) of rapeseed in Victoria: crop losses and factors which affect disease severity Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 28 53–62 Occurrence Handle10.1071/AR9770053
CC Mundt (2002) ArticleTitleUse of multiline cultivars and cultivar mixtures for disease management Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 381–410 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.011402.113723 Occurrence Handle12147765 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xos1Cltbk%3D
WL Pederson S Leath (1988) ArticleTitlePyramiding major genes for resistance to maintain residual effects Annual Review of Phytopathology 26 369–378 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.002101
S Pietravalle S Lemarié F Bosch Particlevan den (2006) ArticleTitleDurability of resistance and cost of virulence European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 107–116 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-3479-7
X Pinochet MH Balesdent F Salvi E Mestries T Rouxel (2004) ArticleTitleIdentification of specific plant resistance factors to Phoma (Leptosphaeria maculans) among winter seed rape varieties: interest for variety testing and for the promotion of a first step of a durable management of resistances International Organisation for Biological Control Bulletin 27 101–108
B Poisson A Pérès (1997) ArticleTitleÉtudes relative à la maturation des périthèces de Leptosphaeria maculans sur les pailles de colza d’hiver necroses au collet ANPP- Cinquième Conference Internationale sur les Maladies des Plantes 1 345–352
T Rouxel A Penaud X Pinochet H Brun L Gout R Delourme J Schmit MH Balesdent (2003) ArticleTitleA ten-year survey of populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in France indicates a rapid adaptation towards the Rlm1 resistance gene of oilseed rape European Journal of Plant Pathology 109 871–881 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1026189225466 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotV2jsbg%3D
MU Salam RK Khangura AJ Diggle MJ Barbetti (2003) ArticleTitleBlackleg sporacle: a model for prediction of onset of pseudothecia maturity and seasonal ascospore showers in relation to blackleg of canola Phytopathology 93 1073–1081 Occurrence Handle18944090
PA Salisbury DJ Ballinger N Wratten KM Plummer BJ Howlett (1995) ArticleTitleBlackleg disease on oilseed Brassica species in Australia: a review Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35 665–672 Occurrence Handle10.1071/EA9950665
Schneider O, Roger-Estrade J, Aubertot JN and Doré T (2003) Analysis of the effects of superficial and deep soil tillage on the vertical distribution of oilseed rape stubble: contribution to the Integrated Pest Management of phoma stem canker. Proceedings of the 11th International Rapeseed Congress. Copenhagen, Denmark 3: 854–856
SJ Sprague M-H Balesdent H Brun HL Hayden SJ Marcroft X Pinochet T Rouxel BJ Howlett (2006) ArticleTitleMajor gene resistance in Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is overcome by changes in virulence of populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in France and Australia European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 33–40 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-3683-5
A Stachowiak J Olechnowicz M Jędryczka T Rouxel MH Balesdent I Happstadius P Gladders A Latunde-Dada N Evans (2006) ArticleTitleFrequency of avirulence genes in field populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in Europe European Journal of Plant Pathology 114 67–75 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s10658-005-2931-z
F Thürwächter V Garbe HH Hoppe (1999) ArticleTitleAscospore discharge, leaf infestation and variations in pathogenicity as criteria to predict impact of Leptosphaeria maculans on oilseed rape Journal of Phytopathology 147 215–222 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.147004215.x
TK Turkington GW Clayton H Klein-Gebbinck DL Woods (2000) ArticleTitleResidue decomposition and blackleg of canola: influence of tillage practices Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology – Revue Canadienne de Phytopathologie 22 150–154
JA Turner SJ Elcock NV Hardwick P Gladders (2000) ArticleTitleChanges in fungicide use on winter oilseed rape in England and Wales during the 1990s Proceedings of the BCPC Conference – Pests and Diseases 2000 2 865–870
JA Turner SJ Elcock KFA Walters DM Wright P Gladders (2002) ArticleTitleA review of pest and disease problems in winter oilseed rape in England and Wales Proceedings of the BCPC Conference – Pests and Diseases 2002 2 555–562
SJ Welham JA Turner P Gladders BDL Fitt N Evans A Baierl (2004) ArticleTitlePredicting light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) risk on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in England and Wales, using survey, weather and crop information Plant Pathology 53 713–724 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-3059.2004.01105.x
JS West JE Biddulph BDL Fitt P Gladders (1999) ArticleTitleEpidemiology of Leptosphaeria maculans in relation to forecasting stem canker severity on winter oilseed rape in the UK Annals of Applied Biology 135 535–546 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1744-7348.1999.tb00885.x
JS West PD Kharbanda MJ Barbetti BDL Fitt (2001) ArticleTitleEpidemiology and management of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) on oilseed rape in Australia, Canada and Europe Plant Pathology 50 10–27 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-3059.2001.00546.x
AD Wherrett K Sivasithamparam MJ Barbetti (2003) ArticleTitleChemical manipulation of Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg disease) pseudothecial development and timing of ascospore discharge from canola (Brassica napus) residues Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54 837–848 Occurrence Handle10.1071/AR03056 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptVCntLs%3D
AD Wherrett K Sivasithamparam MJ Barbetti (2004) ArticleTitleEstablishing the relationship of ascospore loads with blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) severity on canola (Brassica napus) Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55 849–854 Occurrence Handle10.1071/AR04026
Y Zhou BDL Fitt SJ Welham P Gladders CE Sansford JS West (1999) ArticleTitleEffects of severity and timing of stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans) symptoms on yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in the UK European Journal of Plant Pathology 105 715–728 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1008761219493
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gladders, P., Evans, N., Marcroft, S. et al. Dissemination of Information About Management Strategies and Changes in Farming Practices for the Exploitation of Resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans (Phoma Stem Canker) in Oilseed Rape Cultivars. Eur J Plant Pathol 114, 117–126 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-005-2501-4
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-005-2501-4