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Parity-related mortality: shape of association among middle-aged and elderly men and women

  • MORTALITY
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Abstract

Parity is associated with mortality among middle-aged women, while substantially less is known about this relationship for men and the elderly. Using the census-based Israel Longitudinal Mortality Study (ILMS) II (1995–2004) we sought to examine the parity–mortality relationship among men and women, middle-aged and elderly. In our study cohort of 71,733 married men and 62,822 married women ages 45–89 years at baseline, 19,437 deaths were reported. Mortality differentials by parity were assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted stepwise for age, origin, education and number of rooms. Analyzes were carried out for middle-aged (45–64 years) and elderly (65–89 years) men and women separately. We observed a non-linear relationship between parity and mortality for all individuals even after adjustment for demographic and socio-economic variables. In fully adjusted models, for example, nulliparous middle-aged women experienced the highest mortality risks (hazard ratios [HR] = 1.57, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.24, 1.98) followed by those with one child (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.10, 1.51). These results were attenuated somewhat for nulliparous older women (HR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.11, 1.41). The detrimental effects of low and high parity on mortality among both men and women suggest a non pregnancy-related pathway that is likely mediated by biological and psychosocial factors and other lifestyle characteristics that have long-term consequences into older ages. Further research is warranted to examine the effects of parity by specific cause of death.

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Abbreviations

CI:

Confidence interval

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

HR:

Hazard ratio

ILMS:

Israel Longitudinal Mortality Study

SEP:

Socio-economic position

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Acknowledgments

Data were created by grant 93-00015/2 from the US–Israel Binational Science Foundation and grant 03/120 from the Israel National Institute for Health Policy and Health Services Research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University—Hadassah, P.O. Box 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel

    Dena H. Jaffe, Yehuda D. Neumark & Orly Manor

  2. Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

    Zvi Eisenbach

Authors
  1. Dena H. Jaffe
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  2. Yehuda D. Neumark
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  3. Zvi Eisenbach
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  4. Orly Manor
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Correspondence to Dena H. Jaffe.

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Jaffe, D.H., Neumark, Y.D., Eisenbach, Z. et al. Parity-related mortality: shape of association among middle-aged and elderly men and women. Eur J Epidemiol 24, 9–16 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-008-9310-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-008-9310-y

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