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Testing of support tools to detect plagiarism in academic Japanese texts

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Abstract

Plagiarism has been among the top forms of academic misconduct. Detective, reactive and proactive measures are taken to mitigate plagiarism in scholarly works. Text-matching tools play a significant role in the detection of plagiarism. Many studies have tested the performance of text-matching tools in detecting plagiarism from various perspectives. However, no study addressed the performance of such tools in ideographic languages, particularly Japanese. Considering the sharp increase in the number of academic Japanese text and plagiarism incidents in the Japanese context, it is essential to explore to what extent text-matching tools catch similarities in Japanese texts and respond to the needs of Japanese users. Within this scope, this study set out to explore the coverage and usability performance of text-matching tools in the Japanese language. We tested the coverage performance of 10 text-matching tools with five types of intentionally plagiarized documents. Also, we tested the usability performance via a feature checklist. The testing results suggested that the tools generally give a relatively higher performance on the usability side rather than the coverage aspect. Most tools have minimal coverage performance in the Japanese language. In the end, we provided takeaways for vendors, policymakers and educators.

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Data availability

Data and materials generated, used, and analyzed in this study are publicly available in the European Network for Academic Integrity (ENAI) repository. https://www.academicintegrity.eu/wp/testing-of-support-tools-for-plagiarism-detection-working-group/

Notes

  1. In this manuscript, the word "tool" refers any service, system, machine, website or downloadable program related to text matching and is grouped under one word for consistency only.

  2. The vendor in this manuscript is referred not only to a commercial organization that provides a sort of platform to detect similarities on the texts but also the stakeholder contributes to educational and research activities on plagiarism and academic misconduct issues.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully thank the ENAI TeSToP Working Group members for inspiring this work with the original TeSToP and allowing us to use the method; Debora Weber-Wulff for enabling us to use the methodology she developed, and for sharing her time to discuss encoding issues in Japanese from the software viewpoint; and Tomáš Folýtnek on behalf of the ENAI for letting us use their official e-mail account to communicate with the tools. We also would like to express our sincere thanks to Graham Lee for proofreading the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Japanese Language Teaching, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye

    Tolga Özşen

  2. Japanese Language Teaching Graduate Program Student, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye

    İrem Saka

  3. School of Foreign Languages, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Türkiye

    Özgür Çelik

  4. Center for Academic Integrity, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye

    Salim Razı

  5. Graduate of Japanese Language Teaching Master’s Program, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye

    Senem Çente Akkan

  6. European Network for Academic Integrity, Brno, Czech Republic

    Dita Henek Dlabolova

Authors
  1. Tolga Özşen
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  2. İrem Saka
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  3. Özgür Çelik
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  4. Salim Razı
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Contributions

In light of the workload types given below, authors’ contributions are as follow.

Work/contribution types:

1. managing the project

2. creating/establishing the evaluation framework

3. idea support

4. theoretical contribution and/or guidance

5. secretariat/communicating with tools

6. data input

7. data interpretation

8. designing/developing images & graphs & tables

9. chapter/section writing (if yes, which part)

10. improving the language

11. mentorship

TÖ: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (entire manuscript), 11

İS: 5, 6, 7, 8

ÖÇ: 2, 3, 4, 7, 9 (section of “previous test”), 10

SR: 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11

SÇA: 6,7, 9 (partially contributed to “previous test” section)

DD: 3, 7, 11

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tolga Özşen.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

Several authors of this article are involved in organizing the European Network for Academic Integrity annual conferences. The Academic Integrity Ph.D. Summer Schools receive funding from text-matching software vendors. This did not influence our research in any phase.

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Appendices

Appendix 1

1.1 Details of sources used

 

Type of text

Source of text

Link of text (if available), details (if any)

Date

A1

Original text

Wikipedia

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E9%AB%98%E9%BD%A2%E5%8C%96

17.01.2022

A2

Paraphrased text (automatically)

Web tool

https://www.paraphraser.io/ja/paraphrasing-tool

17.01.2022

A3

Paraphrased text (manually)

(changed kana systems)

Manual

Applied by Senem Çente Akkan

17.01.2022

A4

Japanese-English Translation

Google translate

https://translate.google.com/

17.01.2022

A5

Disguising techniques

Manual

Numbering styles, OCR, punctuation, white characters, etc. are applied

17.01.2022

B1

Original paper

(online & open access database)

J-Stage

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jtje/21/0/21_3/_article/-char/ja

Özşen, T. (2019). 「日本学研究における日本語学習の意味と課題」[The meaning and issues of Japanese Learning in Japanology Studies], 『専門日本語教育研究』[Journal of Technical Japanese Education], No.21:3–9, ISSN: 1345–1995

18.01.2022

B2

Paraphrased text (automatically)

Web tool

https://www.paraphraser.io/ja/paraphrasing-tool

18.01.2022

B3

Paraphrased text (manually)

(changed kana systems)

Manual

Checked by Senem Çente Akkan

18.01.2022

B4

Japanese-English Translation

Google translate

https://translate.google.com/

18.01.2022

B5

Disguising techniques

Manual

Numbering styles, OCR, punctuation, white characters, etc. are applied

18.01.2022

C1

Original paper

(Non-online, unpublished on the internet)

Book chapter

Özşen, T. (2015) 「生活構造論的視点からトルコの農村を読み直す」(Translation: Rereading the Turkish Rural Community from the viewpoint of Life Structure)、 in Tokuno S., Makino A., Matsumoto T. (eds)、『暮らしの視点からの地方再生—地域と生活の社会学』(Sociology of Community and Life) Kyushu University Press; 139–162

18.01.2022

C2

Paraphrased text (automatically)

Web tool

https://www.paraphraser.io/ja/paraphrasing-tool

28.03.2022

C3

Paraphrased text (manually)

(changed kana systems)

Manual

Checked by Senem Çente Akkan

18.01.2022

C4

Japanese-English Translation

Google translate

https://translate.google.com/

18.01.2022

C5

Disguising techniques

Manual

Numbering styles, OCR, punctuation, white characters, etc. are applied

28.03.2022

D1

Multi-source text (Wikipedia, government white papers, OA journal paper)

Wikipedia, Japan Foundation webpage, CiNii for journal paper

Government White paper (Japan Foundation): https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/survey/result/dl/survey2018/text.pdf

Wikipedia: https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2#%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2

Online OA Journal Paper: https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110009687716

1st paragraph from Wikipedia,

2nd and 3rd paragraphs are from Japan Foundation

The last paragraph is from the Journal paper

18.01.2022

D2

Paraphrased text (automatically)

Web tool

https://www.paraphraser.io/ja/paraphrasing-tool

19.01.2022

D3

Paraphrased text (manually)

(changed kana systems)

Manual

Checked by Senem Çente Akkan

18.01.2022

D4

Japanese-English Translation

Google translate

https://translate.google.com/

18.01.2022

D5

Disguising techniques

Manual

Numbering styles, OCR, punctuation, white characters, etc. are applied

18.01.2022

Appendix 2

2.1 Main contact URLs for the 10 text-matching tools evaluated in this paper

chiyo-co

CopyContentDetector

Docol©c

Dupli Checker

OXSICO

Plagiarism Checker.co

Plagiarism Checker X

Plagiarism Detector.net

SmallSEOTools

StrikePlagiarism.com

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Özşen, T., Saka, İ., Çelik, Ö. et al. Testing of support tools to detect plagiarism in academic Japanese texts. Educ Inf Technol 28, 13287–13321 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11718-4

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