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Growth of M. avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis in Culture Is Enhanced by Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, and α and β Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

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Abstract

Background

Without known mechanisms of action, Crohn’s disease is exacerbated, and ulcerative colitis is improved, by the use of tobacco. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) may be zoonotic. We hypothesized that tobacco components might alter the growth kinetics of MAP, explaining these divergent clinical observations.

Methods

The effect of nicotine, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide and α and β nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (α and β NAD) were studied on eight strains of three mycobacterial species (MAP, M. avium and M. tb. complex). Data are obtained as “cumulative growth index,” (cGI) and presented as “percent increase in cumulative GI” (% + ΔcGI).

Results

Nicotinic acid enhances the two human MAP isolates (Dominic; 225% + ΔcGI and UCF-4; 92% + ΔcGI) and M. avium (ATCC 25291; 175% + ΔcGI). Nicotinamide (at 6.4 µg/ml) enhances the human MAP isolates (Dominic; 156% + ΔcGI and UCF-4; 79% + ΔcGI) and M. avium (ATCC 25291; 144% + ΔcGI.) Both α and β NAD enhance Dominic; (135 and 150 % + ΔcGI) and UCF-4; (81 and 79% + ΔcGI). At the doses tested, nicotine has no effect on any strain studied.

Conclusions

We show enhancement of MAP growth by nicotinic acid, one of ≥4,000 tobacco-related molecules, its amide, nicotinamide and α and β NAD. Pure nicotine has no enhancing effect at the doses studies.

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Acknowledgments

This material is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY. This study was supported by the Division of Infectious Diseases at the James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY.

Funding statement

We thank Becton-Dickinson for providing the Bactec® vials. B-D had no role in the design of the study, performing the experiments, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit for publication. No other extramural funds were obtained.

Transparency statement

RJG has submitted provisional patents based on the hypotheses tested in this and prior publications; STB was a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA panel that issued the Report “Diagnosis and Control of Johne’s Disease.” ISBN 0-309-08611-6.; LS: Has no potential conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, James J. Peters VAMC, 130 West Kingsbridge Rd, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA

    Robert J. Greenstein

  2. Laboratory of Molecular Surgical Research, James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY, USA

    Robert J. Greenstein & Liya Su

  3. Department of Medicine, James J. Peters VAMC, Bronx, NY, USA

    Sheldon T. Brown

  4. Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, Manhattan, NY, USA

    Sheldon T. Brown

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  1. Robert J. Greenstein
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Correspondence to Robert J. Greenstein.

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Greenstein, R.J., Su, L. & Brown, S.T. Growth of M. avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis in Culture Is Enhanced by Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, and α and β Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide. Dig Dis Sci 56, 368–375 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-010-1301-7

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