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Parallel evolution of the summer steelhead ecotype in multiple populations from Oregon and Northern California

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Abstract

Parallel adaptive divergence of migratory and reproductive behavior can occur in multiple populations when similar selection is acting on these traits. Timing of migration, sexual maturity, and reproduction can have major impacts on the dynamics and viability of a population. Life-history variation in steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, including variation in anadromous run timing, reproductive maturity, and spawn timing, represents an important aspect of their biology and adaptation to local habitats. Here we present a genetic analysis of naturally spawning steelhead to evaluate the genetic relationships and ancestry of summer- and winter-run reproductive ecotypes from multiple river basins in Oregon and Northern California. We infer the phylogeographic relationships among populations of both summer- and winter-run steelhead ecotypes using 12 microsatellite loci and 90 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Phylogenetic trees and analysis of molecular genetic variance revealed that pairs of phenotypically and genetically distinct reproductive ecotypes within rivers were each other’s closest relatives. Isolation by distance was also observed, confirming that genetic relatedness was strongly associated with geographic distance, and indicating limited gene flow among river basins. These patterns support the hypothesis that the summer-run steelhead ecotype has repeatedly evolved through parallel evolution in multiple river basins. Our results, together with further investigations of the underlying molecular basis for the divergence of winter- and summer-run steelhead life-history traits, inform management efforts for these ecotypes and improve our understanding of the role of adaptive genetic variation in conservation.

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Acknowledgments

We thank A. Abadía-Cardoso for sample data, technical support and feedback, C. Columbus for assistance with laboratory analyses and E. Anderson for technical advice. This study would not have been possible without the collaboration of many agencies and biologists who participated in the collection of tissue samples from the various sampling locations. MA was partially supported by the Research Mentoring Institute at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

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  1. Matt Peterson

    Present address: FISHBIO, 180 E. Fourth St., Suite 160, Chico, CA, 95928, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA

    Martha Arciniega, Anthony J. Clemento, John Carlos Garza & Devon E. Pearse

  2. Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 110 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA

    Martha Arciniega, Anthony J. Clemento, John Carlos Garza & Devon E. Pearse

  3. Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Michael R. Miller

  4. Department of Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA

    Matt Peterson

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Arciniega, M., Clemento, A.J., Miller, M.R. et al. Parallel evolution of the summer steelhead ecotype in multiple populations from Oregon and Northern California. Conserv Genet 17, 165–175 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0769-2

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