Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic divergence among and diversity within two rare Banksia species and their common close relative in the subgenusIsostylis R.Br. (Proteaceae)

  • Published:
Conservation Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Banskia subgenus Isostylis complex is comprised of two rare and restricted species, B. cuneata and B. oligantha, and the widespread B. ilicifolia. Population genetic structure and genetic diversity were examined within and among the three species using 10 allozyme loci across 21 populations. Levels of genetic diversity did not appear to correspond with either population size or geographic distribution. The restricted species B. cuneata exhibited the highest levels of gene diversity (H es , 0.13) followed by the widespread B. ilicifolia (H es , 0.10) and the other restricted species B. oligantha (H es , 0.08). Similarly, there was no relationship between genetic structure and geographical distribution with the rare B. cuneata being highly structured (θ =0.370) compared with B. ilicifolia (θ =0.164) and B. oligantha (θ =0.221). The relatively low but similar levels of diversity present in the subgenus concur with those observed in other proteaceous genera and probably reflect historical events rather than a genetic effects associated with a recently fragmented landscape.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ayre DJ, Whelam RJ, Reid A (1994) Unexpectedly high levels of sel ng in the Australian shrub Grevillea barklyana (Pro-teaceae). Heredity, 72, 168-174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett SCH, Kohn JR (1991) Genetic and evolutionary con-sequences of small population size in plants: Implications for conservation. In: Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants (eds. Falk DA, Holsinger KE), pp. 3-30. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baskauf CJ, McCauley DE, Eickmeier WG (1994) Genetic analysis of a rare and widespread species of Echinaceae (Asteraceae). Evolution, 48, 180-188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buza L, Young A, Thrall P (2000) Genetic erosion, inbreeding and reduced tness in fragmented populations of the endangered tetraploid pea Swainsona recta. Biol. Conserv., 93, 177-186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter RJ, Jordan GJ, Hill RS (1994) Banksieaephyllum taylorii (Proteaceae) from the Late Paleocene of New South Wales and its relevance to the origin of Australia's sclero-morphic flora. Aust. Syst. Bot., 7, 385-385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carthew SM (1993) Population genetic structure of Banksia spinulosa. Heredity, 70, 566-573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates D (2000) Defining conservation units in a rich and fragmented. ora: Implications for the management of ge-netic resources and evolutionary processes in south-west Australian plants. Aust. J. Bot., 48, 329-339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates DJ, Sokolowski RES (1992) The mating system and patterns of genetic variation in Banksia cuneata A. S. George (Proteaceae). Heredity, 69, 11-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coates DJ, Hamley VL (1999) Genetic divergence and the mating system in the endangered and geographically re-stricted species, Lambertia orbifolia Gardner (Proteaceae). Heredity, 83, 418-427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowling RM, Witkowski ETF, Milewski AV, Newbey KR (1994) Taxonomic, edaphic and biological aspects on narrow plant endemism on matched sites in mediterranean South Africa and Australia. J. Biogeog., 21, 651-664.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards AL, Wyatt R (1994) Population genetics of the rare Asclepias texana and its widespread sister species, A.peren-nis. Syst. Bot., 19, 291-307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellstrand NC, Elam DR (1993) Population genetics conse-quences of small population size: Implications for plant conservation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 24, 217-242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein J (1993) PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package) (Version 3. 6a2). Available from Department of Genetics, The University of Washington.

  • Fiedler PL (1986) Concepts of rarity in vascular plant species, with special reference to the genus Calochortus Pursh (Lili-aceae). Taxon, 35, 502-518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler PL, Ahouse JJ (1992) Hierarchies of cause: Toward an understanding of rarity in vascular plant species. In: Con-servation Biology. The Theory and Practice of Nature Con-servation, Preservation and Management (eds. Fiedler PL, Jain SK), pp. 23-48. Chapman and Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler PL (1995) Rarity in the Californian flora: new thoughts on old ideas. Madroño, 42, 127-141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaston KJ (1997) What is rarity? In: The Biology of Rarity (eds. Kunin WE, Gaston KJ), pp. 30-41. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • George AS (1981) The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). Nuytsia, 3, 239-473.

    Google Scholar 

  • George AS (1988) New taxa and notes on Banksia L.f. (Pro-teaceae). Nuytsia, 6, 309-317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson N, Keighery G, Keighery B (2000) Threatened plant communities of Western Australia. 1. The ironstone com-munities of the Swan and Scott Coastal Plains. J. Royal Soc. West. Aust., 83, 1-11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS (2000) Patterns of genetic varia-tion in rare and widespread plant congeners. Am. J. Bot., 87, 783-792.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb LD, Warwick SI, Ford VS (1985) Morphological and electrophoretic divergence between Layia discoidea and L.glandulosa. Syst. Bot., 10, 484-495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudet J (2001) FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and xation indices (2.9.3). Available from http:\\www.unil.ch/softwares/fstat.html

  • Hamrick JL, Godt MJW (1989) Allozyme diversity in plant species. In: Plant Population Genetics, Breeding, and Genetic Resources (eds. Brown AHD, Clegg MT, Kahler AL, Weir BS), pp. 43-63. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamrick JL, Godt MJ, Sherman-Broyles SL (1992) Factors in. uencing levels of genetic diversity in woody plant species. New Forests, 6, 95-124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsinger KE, Gottlieb LD (1991) Conservation of rare and endangered plants: Principles and prospects. In: Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants (eds. Falk DA, Holsinger KE), pp. 195-208. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsinger KE, Mason-Gamer RJ, Whitton J (1999) Genes, demes, and plant conservation. In: Genes, Species, and the Threat of Extinction: DNA and Genetics in the Conservation of Endangered Species (eds. Landweber LF, Dobson AP), pp. 23-46. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopper SD (1992) Patterns of plant diversity at the population and species levels in south-west Australian mediterranean ecosystems. In: Biodiversity of Mediterranean Ecosystems in Australia (ed. Hobbs RJ), pp. 27-46. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopper SD, Harvey MS, Chappill JA, Main AR, York Main B (1996) The Western Australian biota as Gondwanan heritage –A review. In: Gondwanan Heritage: Past, Present and Fu-ture of the Western Australian Biota (eds. Hopper SD, Chappill JA, Harvey MS, George AS), pp. 1-16. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson LAS, Briggs BG (1981) Three old southern families-Myrtaceae, Proteaceae and Restionaceae. In: Ecological Biogeography of Australia 1 (ed. Keast A), pp. 429-469. W. Junk, The Hague.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karron JD (1987) A comparison of levels of genetic polymor-phism and self-compatibility in geographically restricted and widespread plant congeners. Evol. Ecol., 1, 47-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karron JD (1991) Patterns of genetic variation and breeding systems in rare plant species. In: Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants (eds. Falk DA, Holsinger KE), pp. 87-98. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karron JD, Linhart YB, Chaulk CA, Robertson CA (1988) Genetic structure of populations of geographically restricted and widespread species of Astragalus (Fabaceae). American Journal of Botany, 75, 1114-1119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss SL (1997) Low genetic diversity in Persoonia mollis (Proteaceae), a re-sensitive shrub occurring in a re-prone habitat. Heredity, 78, 41-49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunin WE, Gaston KJ (1993) The biology of rarity: Patterns, causes, and consequences. TREE, 8, 298-301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis P, Zaykin D (2001) Genetic Data Analysis: Computer program for the analysis of allelic data (Version 1. 0). Free program distributed by the authors over the internet from http://lewis.eeb.uconn.edu/lewishome/software.html

  • Lewis PO, Crawford DJ (1995) Pleistocene refugium endemics exhibit greater allozyme diversity than widespread congeners in the genus Polygonella (Polygonaceae). Am. J. Bot., 82, 141-149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mast RM, Givnish TJ (2002) Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on their cpDNA phylogeny. Am. J. Bot., 89, 1311-1323.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLoughlin S, McNamara K (2001) Ancient Floras of Western Australia, Western Australian Museum, Perth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nei M (1978) Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89, 583-590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oostermeijer JGB (2000) Population viability analysis of the rare Gentiana pneumonanthe: The importance of genetics, demography and reproductive biology. In: Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations (eds. Young AG, Clarke GM), pp. 313-334. Cambridge Univer-sity Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabinowitz D (1981) Seven forms of rarity. In: The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation (ed. Soule ME), pp. 182-204. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson BJ, Baverstock PR, Adams M (1986) Allozyme Electrophoresis: A Handbook for Animal Systematics and Population Studies, Academic Press, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritland K (1989) Genetic differentiation, diversity and in-breeding in the mountain monkey flower (Mimulus caespito-sus) of the Washington Cascades. Canadian Journal of Botany, 67, 2017-2024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampson JF, Collins BG, Coates DJ (1994) Mixed mating in Banksia brownii Baxter ex R. Br. (Proteaceae). Aust. J. Bot., 42, 103-111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JF, Vuong Pham T (1996) Genetic diversity in natural populations of the rare Idaho endemic Allium aaseae and its relatedness and potential introgression with Allium similli-mum using RAPD markers. Am. J. Bot., 83, 717-726.

    Google Scholar 

  • Systma KJ, Schaal BA (1985) Genetic variation, differentiation and evolution in a species of complex tropical shrubs based on isozymic data. Evolution, 39, 582-593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomimatsu H, Ohara M (2003) Genetic diversity and loal population structure of fragmented populations of Tril-lium camschatcense (Trilliaceae). Biol. Conserv., 109, 249-258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir BS, Cockerham CC (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution, 38, 1358-1370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeh FC, Boyle TJB (1997) Population genetic analysis of codominant and dominant markers and quantitative traits. Belg. J. Bot., 129, 157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young AG, Brown AHD (1996) Comparative population ge-netic structure of the rare woodland shrub Daviesia suaveo-lens and its common congener D.mimosoides. Conserv. Biol., 10, 1220-1228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young AG, Brown AHD, Murray BG, Thrall PH, Miller C (2000) Genetic erosion, restricted mating and reduced via-bility in fragmented populations of the endangered grassland herb Rutidosis leptorhryncoides. In: Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations (eds. Young AG, Clarke GM), pp. 335-359. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Bentley Delivery Centre, Locked Bag No. 104, Western Australia, 6983

    Linda M. Broadhurst & David J. Coates

Authors
  1. Linda M. Broadhurst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David J. Coates
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Broadhurst, L.M., Coates, D.J. Genetic divergence among and diversity within two rare Banksia species and their common close relative in the subgenusIsostylis R.Br. (Proteaceae). Conservation Genetics 5, 837–846 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-004-5268-9

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-004-5268-9

Search

Navigation