Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Screening for Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Using the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Child Version

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Child Psychiatry & Human Development Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The study assessed the ability of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) to detect pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) using receiver operating characteristic analyses. The sample consisted of 114 cases with current OCD, 340 cases with other psychiatric disorders (OPD), and 301 healthy controls (HC) ages 7 to 18 years. All 755 participants were assessed with two semi-structured interviews and seven rating scales. In a comparison of current OCD cases and all other participants, the optimal OCI-CV cut-score was 11 with an area under the curve (AUC) of .88. In a comparison of current OCD cases and OPD cases, the optimal OCI-CV cut-score was 11 with an AUC of .82. In a comparison of current OCD cases and HC, the optimal OCI-CV cut-score was 10 with an AUC of .94. The results indicate that the OCI-CV provides an effective screen for pediatric OCD using empirically derived cut-scores.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Krebs G, Heyman I (2015) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child 100:495–499

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Piacentini J, Bergman RL, Keller M, McCracken J (2003) Functional impairment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 13(2, Supplement 1):61–69

    Google Scholar 

  3. Canals J, Hernandez-Martinez C, Cosi S, Voltas N (2012) The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Spanish school children. J Anxiety Disord 26:746–752

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Dalsgaard S, Thorsteinsson E, Trabjerg BB, Schullenhner J, Plana-Ripoll O, Brikell I et al (2019) Incidence rates and cumulative incidences of the full spectrum of diagnosed mental disorders in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3523

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:593–602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Stewart SE, Geller D, Jenike M, Pauls D, Shaw D, Mullin B et al (2004) Long-term outcome of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis and qualitative review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 11:4–13

    Google Scholar 

  7. Micali N, Heyman I, Perez M, Hilton K, Nakatani E, Turner C et al (2010) Long-term outcomes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: follow-up of 142 children and adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 197:128–134

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Barzilay B, Patrick A, Calkins ME, Moore TM, Wolf DH, Benton TD et al (2019) Obsessive-compulsive symptomatology in community youth: typical development or a red flag for psychopathology? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 58:277–286

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Rapp AM, Bergman RL, Piacentini J, McGuire JF (2016) Evidence-based assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 8:13–29

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Thorsen AL, Kvale G, Hansen B, van den Heuvel OA (2018) Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder as predictors of neurobiology and treatment response. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry 5:182–194

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. McGuire JF, Da G, Murphy TK, Small BJ, Unger A, Wilhelm S et al (2019) Defining treatment outcomes in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder using a self-report scale. Behav Ther 50:314–324

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Berg CZ, Whitaker A, Davies M, Flament MF, Rapoport JL (1988) The survey form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory—Child Version: norms from an epidemiological study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:759–763

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Storch EA, Khanna M, Merlo LJ, Loew BA, Franklin M, Reid JM et al (2009) Children’s Florida obsessive compulsive inventory: psychometric properties and feasibility of a self-report measure of obsessive–compulsive symptoms in youth. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 40:467–483

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Shafran R, Frampton I, Heyman I, Reynolds M, Teachman B, Rachman S (2003) The preliminary development of a new self-report measure for OCD in young people. J Adolesc 26:137–142

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Uher R, Heyman I, Mortimore C, Frampton I, Goodman R (2007) Screening young people for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 191:353–354

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Steinhausen H-C, Peloso M, Metzke CW (2009) Performance of the adolescent obsessive-compulsive scale in a community survey. J Anxiety Disord 23:218–222

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. De Caluwe E, De Clercq B (2014) Development and validation of the Youth Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Scale (YOCSS). Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 45:647–656

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Foa EB, Coles M, Huppert JD, Pasupuleti RV, Franklin ME, March J (2010) Development and validation of a child version of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory. Behav Ther 41:121–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. March JS, Parker JD, Sullivan K, Stallings P, Conners CK (1997) The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:554–565

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G et al (2002) The Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess 14:485–496

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Jones AM, De Nadai AS, Arnold EB, McGuire JF, Lewin AB, Murphy TK et al (2013) Psychometric properties of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory: Child Version in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 44:137–151

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Alcázar AIR, García BR, Iniesta-Sepúlveda M, Navas JLP, Rosa-Alcázar Á, Parada-Navas JL (2014) Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) in a Spanish community sample of children and adolescents. Psicothema 26(2):174–179

    Google Scholar 

  23. Martinez-Gonzalez AE, Rodriguez-Jimenez T, Piqueras JA, Vera-Villarroel P, Godoy A (2015) Psychometric properties of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCD-CV) in Chilean children and adolescents. PLoS ONE 10:e0136842

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Rodriguez-Jimenez T, Godoy A, Piqueras JA, Gavino A, Martinez-Gonzalez AE, Foa EB (2015) Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCD-CV) in general population. Eur J Psychol Assess 33:97–103

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rodriguez-Jimenez T, Piqueras JA, Lazaro L, Moreno E, Ortiz AG, Godoy A (2016) Metric invariance, reliability, and validity of the Child Version of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (OCD-CV) in community and clinical samples. J Obsess Compul Related Disord 9:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  26. Pozza A, Barccacia B, Dettore D (2017) The Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV): further evidence on confirmatory factor analytic structure, incremental and criterion validity in Italian community children and adolescents. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 31:291–295

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pertusa A, Frost RO, Fullana MA, Samuels JF, Steketee G, Tolin DF et al (2010) Refining the diagnostic boundaries of compulsive hoarding: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev 30:371–386

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wheaton MG, Abramowitz JS, Fabrican LE, Berman NC, Franklin JC (2011) Is hoarding a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder? Int J Cogn Ther 4:225–238

    Google Scholar 

  29. Garvey M, Avenevoli S, Anderson K (2016) The National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria and clinical research in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 55:93–98

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P et al (1997) Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:980–988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hanna GL (2013) Schedule for obsessive-compulsive and other behavioral syndromes (SOCOBS). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

    Google Scholar 

  32. Scahill L, Riddle MA, McSwiggin-Hardin M, Ort SI, King RA, Goodman WK et al (1997) Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: reliability and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:844–852

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA (2001) Manual for ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. University of Vermont Research Center for Children Youth and Families, Burlington

    Google Scholar 

  34. Park LS, Burton CL, Dupuis A, Shan J, Storch EA, Crosbie J et al (2016) The Toronto Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: psychometrics of a dimensional measure of obsessive-compulsive traits. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 55:310–318

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Berument SK, Rutter M, Lord C, Pickles A, Bailey A (1999) Autism screening questionnaire: diagnostic validity. Br J Psychiatry 175:444–451

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kovacs M (1985) The children's depression inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacol Bull 21:995–998

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Storch EA, Murphy TK, Geffken GR, Soto O, Sajid M, Allen P et al (2004) Psychometric evaluation of the Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychiatry Res 129:91–98

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Nelson EC, Hanna GL, Hudziak JJ, Botteron KN, Heath AC, Todd RD (2001) Obsessive-compulsive scale of the child behavior checklist: specificity, sensitivity, and predictive power. Pediatrics 108(1):e14–e14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hudziak JJ, Althoff RR, Stanger C, van Beijsterveldt CE, Nelson EC, Hanna GL et al (2006) The Obsessive Compulsive Scale of the Child Behavior Checklist predicts obsessive-compulsive disorder: a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47:160–166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Geller DA, Doyle R, Shaw D, Mullin B, Coffey B, Petty C et al (2006) A quick and reliable screening measure for OCD in youth: reliability and validity of the obsessive compulsive scale of the Child Behavior Checklist. Compr Psychiatry 47:234–240

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Storch EA, Park JM, Lewin AB, Morgan JR, Jones AM, Murphy TK (2011) The Leyton Obsession Inventory-Child Version Survey Form does not demonstrate adequate psychometric properties in American youth with pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord 25:574–578

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Saylor CF, Finch AJ, Spirito A, Bennett B (1984) The Children’s Depression Inventory: a systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 52:955–998

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Comer JS, Kendall PC (2005) High-end specificity of the Children’s Depression Inventory in a sample of anxiety-disorder youth. Depress Anxiety 22:11–19

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Kazdin AE (1987) Children’s depression scale: validation with child psychiatric inpatients. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 28:29–41

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cohen J (1992) A power primer. Psychol Bull 112:155–159

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S (2000) Applied logistic regression. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  47. Youden WJ (1950) Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer 3:32–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ivarrson T, Melin K, Wallin L (2008) Categorical and dimensional aspects of co-morbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 17:20–31

    Google Scholar 

  49. Flessner CA, Berman N, Garcia A, Freeman JB, Leonard HL (2009) Symptom profiles in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): the effects of comorbid grooming conditions. J Anxiety Disord 23:753–759

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. McDougle CJ, Kresch LE, Goodman WK, Naylor ST, Volkmar FR, Cohen DJ et al (1995) A case-controlled study of repetitive thoughts and behavior in adults with autistic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152:772–777

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hacker LE, Park JM, Timpano KR, Cavitt MA, Alvaro JL, Lewin AB et al (2016) Hoarding in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 20:617–626

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wootton BM, Diefenbach GJ, Bragdon LB, Steketee G, Frost RO, Tolin DF (2015) A contemporary psychometric evaluation of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCD-R). Psychol Assess 27:874–882

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health Grants R01MH101493 and R01MH085321.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5766, USA

    Haley E. Rough, Barbara S. Hanna, Carrie B. Gillett & Gregory L. Hanna

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA

    David R. Rosenberg

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    William J. Gehring

  4. Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada

    Paul D. Arnold

Authors
  1. Haley E. Rough
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Barbara S. Hanna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Carrie B. Gillett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. David R. Rosenberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. William J. Gehring
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Paul D. Arnold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Gregory L. Hanna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gregory L. Hanna.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rough, H.E., Hanna, B.S., Gillett, C.B. et al. Screening for Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder Using the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory-Child Version. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 51, 888–899 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00966-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00966-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation