Abstract
In this work, cellulose microfibers (CMFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (P-CNCs) having phosphoric groups on their surfaces were prepared by phosphorylation of cellulose extracted from Giant Reed plant, using ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4) in a water-based urea system and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) without urea as phosphorous agents, respectively. Phosphorylated samples were studied in terms of their charge content, chemical structure, crystallinity, morphology, and thermal stability using several characterization techniques. Conductometric titration results showed higher charge content after phosphorylation with urea for P-CMFs about 3133 mmol kg−1, while without urea P-CNCs exhibited 254 mmol kg−1. FTIR analysis confirmed the total removal of non-cellulosic compounds from microfibers’ surface and their partial oxidation after phosphorylation. XRD analysis proved that the P-CMFs and P-CNCs exhibited cellulose I structure, with a crystallinity index of 70 and 83%, respectively. SEM and AFM observations showed micro-sized and needle-like morphologies for P-CMFs and P-CNCs with an average diameter of 15 µm and 20.5 nm, respectively. The thermal properties of P-CMFs indicate early dehydration with high char formation, while the high thermal stability of P-CNCs (Tmax = 352 °C) was similar to that of microcrystalline cellulose. The present work showed new routes for preparing phosphorylated micro- and nano-cellulose from a new natural source, having new functions that benefit various applications.
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Acknowledgements
The financial assistance of the Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP S.A.) in the Moroccan Kingdom and the Moroccan National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) toward this research is hereby acknowledged. The authors would like to thank Dr. Youssef TAMRAOUI from Materials Science and Nanoengineering Department (MSN), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P) for his help to achieve the XRD analysis of the studied materials.
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Ait Benhamou, A., Kassab, Z., Nadifiyine, M. et al. Extraction, characterization and chemical functionalization of phosphorylated cellulose derivatives from Giant Reed Plant. Cellulose 28, 4625–4642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03842-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03842-6