Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of PEG loading on electromechanical behavior of cellulose-based electroactive composite

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Cellulose Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Electroactive behavior of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-based actuators was investigated in this study. CMC-based films were firstly fabricated by using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. Characterization studies of the CMC films were conducted by using Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing. CMC-based actuator films were produced by gold coating on both surfaces of CMC-based films. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) at different loadings (1, 1.5 and 2 g) was used to improve electroactive behavior of CMC based actuators. Maximum tip displacements were obtained under DC excitation voltages of 1, 3, 5 and 7 V. CMC based actuator loaded with 1.5 g PEG exhibited the largest tip displacement among other actuators for each excitation voltage. The PEG loading did not lead to considerable differences in tensile strength of CMC-based films. However, Young’s modulus decreased with PEG loading.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abas Z, Kim HS, Zhai L, Kim J, Kim JH (2014) Electrode effects of a cellulose-based electro-active paper energy harvester. Smart Mater Struct. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/23/7/074003

    Google Scholar 

  • Akar E, Altınışık A, Seki Y (2012) Preparation of pH-and ionic-strength responsive biodegradable fumaric acid crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 90:1634–1641

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akbari J, Heydari A (2012) Synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles with controlled morphology using ionic liquid. Curr Nanosci 8:398–401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazhenov V (1961) Piezoelectric properties of woods. Consultants Bureau, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell SSJ, Geethanjali R, Subhashini S (2014) Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene glycol-g-arginine and its corrosion—inhibition behaviour on mild steel. J Environ Nanotechnol 3:23–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Biswal D, Singh R (2004) Characterisation of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyacrylamide graft copolymer. Carbohydr Polym 57:379–387

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai Z, Kim J (2010) Bacterial cellulose/poly (ethylene glycol) composite: characterization and first evaluation of biocompatibility. Cellulose 17:83–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chai M, Isa M (2013) The oleic acid composition effect on the carboxymethyl cellulose based biopolymer electrolyte. J Cryst Process Technol 3:1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edgar KJ, Buchanan CM, Debenham JS, Rundquist PA, Seiler BD, Shelton MC, Tindall D (2001) Advances in cellulose ester performance and application. Prog Polym Sci 26:1605–1688. doi:10.1016/S0079-6700(01)00027-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer S, Thummler K, Pfeiffer K, Liebert T, Heinze T (2002) Evaluation of molten inorganic salt hydrates as reaction medium for the derivatization of cellulose. Cellulose 9:293–300. doi:10.1023/A:1021121909508

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukada E (2000) History and recent progress in piezoelectric polymers. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferr 47:1277–1290. doi:10.1109/58.883516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiev GA, Sarker DK, Al-Hanbali O, Georgiev GD, Lalchev Z (2007) Effects of poly (ethylene glycol) chains conformational transition on the properties of mixed DMPC/DMPE-PEG thin liquid films and monolayers. Colloid Surf B 59:184–193. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2007.05.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goswami D, Chattopadhyay A, Sharma A, Chattopadhyay S (2012) [bmim][Br] as a solvent and activator for the Ga-mediated barbier allylation: direct formation of an N-heterocyclic carbene from Ga metal. J Org Chem 77:11064–11070

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guilbert S, Gontard N, Cuq B (1995) Technology and applications of edible protective films. Packag Technol Sci 8:339–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guleria R, Kaith NS, Singh R (2012) Peg based solid dispersions of gliclazide: a comparative study. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4:507–512

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habibi N (2014) Preparation of biocompatible magnetite-carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposite: characterization of nanocomposite by FTIR, XRD, FESEM and TEM. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 131:55–58

  • Haldorai Y, Shim JJ (2014) Chemo-responsive bilayer actuator film: fabrication, characterization and actuator response. New J Chem 38:2653–2659. doi:10.1039/c4nj00014e

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinze T, Pfeiffer K (1999) Studies on the synthesis and characterization of carboxymethylcellulose. Angew Makromol Chem 266:37–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jastorff B et al (2003) How hazardous are ionic liquids? Structure-activity relationships and biological testing as important elements for sustainability evaluation. Green Chem 5:136–142. doi:10.1039/B211971d

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim KB, Kim J (2013) Fabrication and characterization of electro-active cellulose films regenerated by using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C J Mech Eng 227:2665–2670. doi:10.1177/0954406213478707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Yun S, Ounaies Z (2006) Discovery of cellulose as a smart material. Macromolecules 39:4202–4206. doi:10.1021/Ma060261e

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahadeva SK, Yi C, Kim J (2011) Electrical and electromechanical properties of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide-blended cellulose. Ionics 17:41–47. doi:10.1007/s11581-010-0478-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansur HS, Orefice RL, Mansur AA (2004) Characterization of poly (vinyl alcohol)/poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogels and PVA-derived hybrids by small-angle X-ray scattering and FTIR spectroscopy. Polymer 45:7193–7202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pang JH, Liu X, Zhang XM, Wu YY, Sun RC (2013) Fabrication of cellulose film with enhanced mechanical properties in ionic liquid 1-allyl-3-methylimidaxolium chloride (AmimCl). Materials 6:1270–1284. doi:10.3390/Ma6041270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips DM et al (2004) Dissolution and regeneration of Bombyx mori silk fibroin using ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 126:14350–14351. doi:10.1021/Ja046079f

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plechkova NV, Seddon KR (2008) Applications of ionic liquids in the chemical industry. Chem Soc Rev 37:123–150. doi:10.1039/B006677j

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu XY, Hu SW (2013) “Smart” materials based on cellulose: a review of the preparations, properties, and applications. Materials 6:738–781. doi:10.3390/Ma6030738

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajkumar T, Ranga Rao G (2008) Characterization of hybrid molecular material prepared by 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium bromide and phosphotungstic acid. Mater Lett 62:4134–4136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranga Rao G, Rajkumar T, Varghese B (2009) Synthesis and characterization of 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium phosphomolybdate molecular salt. Solid State Sci 11:36–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ravikiran Y, Kotresh S, Vijayakumari S, Thomas S (2014) Liquid petroleum gas sensing performance of polyaniline–carboxymethyl cellulose composite at room temperature. Curr Appl Phys 14(7):960–964

  • Roberts M, Bentley M, Harris J (2002) Chemistry for peptide and protein PEGylation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:459–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahlin JJ, Peppas NA (1997) Near-field FTIR imaging: a technique for enhancing spatial resolution in FTIR microscopy. J Appl Polym Sci 63:103–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahinpoor M, Kim KJ (2001) Ionic polymer-metal composites: I. fundamentals. Smart Mater Struct 10:819–833. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/10/4/327

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh TJ, Bhat S (2003) Morphology and conductivity studies of a new solid polymer electrolyte:(PEG) xLiClO4. Bull Mater Sci 26:707–714

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swatloski RP, Spear SK, Holbrey JD, Rogers RD (2002) Dissolution of cellose with ionic liquids. J Am Chem Soc 124:4974–4975. doi:10.1021/Ja025790m

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserscheid P, van Hal R, Bosmann A (2002) 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([bmim]) octylsulfate—an even ‘greener’ ionic liquid. Green Chem 4:400–404. doi:10.1039/B205425f

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Paulson AT (2000) Mechanical and water vapour barrier properties of edible gellan films. Food Res Int 33:563–570. doi:10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00092-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang X, He L, Qin S, Tao G-H, Huang M, Lv Y (2014) Electrochemical and thermodynamic properties of Ln (III)(Ln = Eu, Sm, Dy, Nd) in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid. PLoS One 9:e95832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zare A et al (2011) Ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim] Br) as a green and neutral reaction media for the catalyst-free synthesis of 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthols. Sci Iran 18:433–438

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Financial support for this study was provided by TUBITAK-The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Project Number: 111M643.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, İzmir, Turkey

    Okan Ozdemir & Ramazan Karakuzu

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey

    Mehmet Sarikanat & Baris Oguz Gurses

  3. Department of Chemistry, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, İzmir, Turkey

    Emine Akar, Yoldas Seki & Ibrahim Sen

  4. Department of Mechatronics Engineering, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Çiğli, İzmir, Turkey

    Levent Cetin

  5. Department of Mechatronics Engineering, The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca, İzmir, Turkey

    Ozgun Cem Yilmaz

  6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Çiğli, İzmir, Turkey

    Kutlay Sever

  7. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey

    Omer Mermer

Authors
  1. Okan Ozdemir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ramazan Karakuzu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mehmet Sarikanat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Emine Akar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yoldas Seki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Levent Cetin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Ibrahim Sen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Baris Oguz Gurses
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Ozgun Cem Yilmaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Kutlay Sever
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Omer Mermer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Okan Ozdemir.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ozdemir, O., Karakuzu, R., Sarikanat, M. et al. Effects of PEG loading on electromechanical behavior of cellulose-based electroactive composite. Cellulose 22, 1873–1881 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0581-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0581-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation