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What do ADHD Neuroimaging Studies Reveal for Teachers, Teacher Educators and Inclusive Education?

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Abstract

Background

Ongoing debate about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has not resolved ambivalent teacher beliefs about ADHD. This is an important matter since teachers’ beliefs influence their pedagogy, classroom management, and their referral procedures for formal diagnoses of ADHD. They therefore must be provided with up-to-date professional learning about ADHD.

Objective

To synthesise neuroimaging studies, which examined differences in brain organisation and function in those with ADHD compared to matched unaffected controls. The overarching goal was to enhance teachers’ understanding of ADHD by providing synthesised research findings around the neurological basis of ADHD.

Method

The PRISMA method was used to search the Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Scopus databases to complete a systematic review of peer-reviewed research that compared individuals with ADHD with matched controls published between 2010 and December 2015.

Results

The identification and analyses of 174 MRI and fMRI relevant studies across a sample of over 24,000 showed that there are significant differences in neural anatomy and processing in ADHD compared to unaffected matched controls.

Conclusions

Compelling evidence shows ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disability, not a socially determined set of behaviours. Results point to an urgent need for teacher professional learning and systematic up-to-date preservice teacher education along with inclusive education policy reform.

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Notes

  1. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has connections to both the “emotional” limbic system and the “cognitive” prefrontal cortex (PFC). It has an important role in integration of neuronal circuitry for emotional regulation, for example the ability to control and manage uncomfortable emotions. Avoidance of painful emotions is often the motivating force in negative behaviours such as substance abuse, binge eating, and suicide (Stevens et al. 2011).

  2. Norepinephrine has multiple roles but essentially norepinephrine mediates arousal.

  3. Caudate nucleus activity is essential for learning to take place.

  4. Dopamine is involved in both executive functioning neural pathways and the reward and motivation neural pathways.

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    Helen J. Boon

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Boon, H.J. What do ADHD Neuroimaging Studies Reveal for Teachers, Teacher Educators and Inclusive Education?. Child Youth Care Forum 49, 533–561 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-019-09542-4

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