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Oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins-Do We Know Enough About Them?

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Abstract

Since the discovery of oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), over 5,000 articles have appeared on the topic with over 400 articles appearing every year during the past decade. LDL contains esterified polyunsaturated fatty acid containing lipids, such as, phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and cholesterol esters (CE). Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing lipids has been known for a long time. Numerous studies have documented that peroxidized lipids as well as products derived from their decomposition, particularly aldehydes, have deleterious biological properties. This concept has been exemplified in the study of atherosclerosis. A plethora of in vitro and animal studies, as well as human epidemiological and correlatory studies, have supported the notion that oxidative processes and the formation of Ox-LDL might contribute to atherosclerosis. Yet the negative outcomes of human clinical trials with α-tocopherol and other antioxidants have convinced even staunch supporters of the hypothesis to take a step backwards and reconsider reasons of their failure and suggest alternative approaches. Ox-LDL is a complex mixture of numerous chemical entities, many of them are yet uncharacterized. Why and how it is formed or its nature in vivo is poorly understood. It is recognized by numerous cell surface receptors, which are ubiquitously expressed in many different cell types. These receptors might perform a variety of functions. In addition, components of Ox-LDL might also have favorable effects that are difficult to dissociate from its pathological effects. In this review, the nature of Ox-LDL and potential problems in inhibiting its formation are discussed.

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Abbreviations

4-HNE:

4-hydroxy nonenal

AAPH:

2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride

Ac-LDL:

Acetylated low density lipoprotein

AGE:

Advanced glycation end product

AO:

Antioxidants

ApoB:

Aproprotein B100

AZA:

Azelaic acid

BARC:

Bovine aortic endothelial cell line

CE:

Cholesterol ester

Chol:

Cholesterol

CRP:

C-reactive protein

EC-LDL:

Endothelial cell modified low density lipoprotein

FO-LDL:

Fully oxidized LDL

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

HDL:

High density lipoprotein

HETE:

Hydroxy eicosa tetraenoic acid

HODE:

Hydroxylinoleic acid

HPODE:

Hydroperoxylinoleic acid

LDL:

Low density lipoprotein

LOOH:

Lipid peroxides

Lyso PtdCho:

Lyso phosphatidylcholine

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MM-LDL:

Minimally modified LDL

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Ox-LDL:

Oxidized low density lipoprotein

Ox-Mod-LDL:

Oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein

Ox-PC:

Oxidized phosphatidyl choline

PLA2:

Phospholipase A2

PtdCho:

Phosphatidylcholine

PUFA:

Poly unsaturated fattyacid

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycation end product

Se:

Selinium

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

VLDL:

Very low density lipoprotein

β-VLDL:

Beta very low density lipoprotein

XAO:

Xanthine oxidase

Zn:

Zinc

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by NIH grants HL69038 and DK056353

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Xueting Jiang, Zhaohui Yang, Aluganti Narasimhulu Chandrakala, Dawn Pressley & Sampath Parthasarathy

  2. Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, N-850 Doan Hall, 410 W 10th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210-1292, USA

    Sampath Parthasarathy

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  1. Xueting Jiang
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Jiang, X., Yang, Z., Chandrakala, A.N. et al. Oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins-Do We Know Enough About Them?. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 25, 367–377 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-011-6326-4

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