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An examination of male and female odds ratios by BMI, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption for cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx in pooled data from 15 case–control studies

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Abstract

Background

Greater tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption and lower body mass index (BMI) increase odds ratios (OR) for oral cavity, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers; however, there are no comprehensive sex-specific comparisons of ORs for these factors.

Methods

We analyzed 2,441 oral cavity (925 women and 1,516 men), 2,297 oropharynx (564 women and 1,733 men), 508 hypopharynx (96 women and 412 men), and 1,740 larynx (237 women and 1,503 men) cases from the INHANCE consortium of 15 head and neck cancer case–control studies. Controls numbered from 7,604 to 13,829 subjects, depending on analysis. Analyses fitted linear-exponential excess ORs models.

Results

ORs were increased in underweight (<18.5 BMI) relative to normal weight (18.5–24.9) and reduced in overweight and obese categories (≥25 BMI) for all sites and were homogeneous by sex. ORs by smoking and drinking in women compared with men were significantly greater for oropharyngeal cancer (p < 0.01 for both factors), suggestive for hypopharyngeal cancer (p = 0.05 and p = 0.06, respectively), but homogeneous for oral cavity (p = 0.56 and p = 0.64) and laryngeal (p = 0.18 and p = 0.72) cancers.

Conclusions

The extent that OR modifications of smoking and drinking by sex for oropharyngeal and, possibly, hypopharyngeal cancers represent true associations, or derive from unmeasured confounders or unobserved sex-related disease subtypes (e.g., human papillomavirus–positive oropharyngeal cancer) remains to be clarified.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services and by a grant from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (P30ES10126).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA

    Jay H. Lubin & Mark P. Purdue

  2. Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA

    Joshua Muscat & Philip Lazarus

  3. Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Mia M. Gaudet

  4. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Andrew F. Olshan

  5. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

    Maria Paula Curado, Silvia Franceschi, Paolo Boffetta & Paul Brennan

  6. Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Aviano Cancer Centre, Aviano, Italy

    Luigino Dal Maso & Renato Talamini

  7. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Victor Wünsch-Filho & Jose Eluf Neto

  8. UT-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Erich M. Sturgis & Qingyi Wei

  9. Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland

    Neonilia Szeszenia-Dabrowska

  10. Institut Català d’Oncologia (ICO), IDIBELL, CIBER-ESP, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain

    Xavier Castellsague

  11. UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Zuo-Feng Zhang

  12. College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Elaine Smith

  13. Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

    Leticia Fernandez

  14. Institute of Oncology Angel H. Roffo, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Elena Matos

  15. Specialized State Health Institute, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

    Eleonora Fabianova

  16. National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary

    Peter Rudnai

  17. Occupational Health Department, Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania

    Dana Mates

  18. Instituto de Investigación Epidemiológica, San José, Costa Rica

    Rolando Herrero

  19. Bio Medical Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Karl Kelsey

  20. Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Hal Morgenstern

  21. Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia

    Oxana Shangina

  22. Escola Nacional de Saude Publica, Fundaçao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Sergio Koifman

  23. Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, The M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

    Jolanta Lissowska

  24. Institut de médecine sociale et préventive, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Fabio Levi

  25. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Alexander W. Daudt

  26. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA

    Chu Chen & Stephen M. Schwartz

  27. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA

    Deborah M. Winn

  28. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

    Paolo Boffetta

  29. Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil

    Ana Menezes

  30. Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri and University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Carlo La Vecchia

  31. Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Michael McClean

  32. Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai, India

    Thangarajan Rajkumar

  33. Division of Epidemiology, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA

    Richard B. Hayes

  34. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Mia Hashibe

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  1. Jay H. Lubin
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Correspondence to Jay H. Lubin.

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Lubin, J.H., Muscat, J., Gaudet, M.M. et al. An examination of male and female odds ratios by BMI, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption for cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx in pooled data from 15 case–control studies. Cancer Causes Control 22, 1217–1231 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9792-x

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